Study on the Deterioration of Concrete under Dry–Wet Cycle and Sulfate Attack
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. The Mix Ratio of Concrete
2.3. Experimental Design
2.3.1. The Erosion Environment
- (1)
- Immerse the cured sample in sodium sulfate solution for 15 h at a temperature of 25 °C.
- (2)
- Discharge the solution immediately after soaking and then air dry for 1 h.
- (3)
- Dry the sample at a temperature of 80 °C for 6 h.
- (4)
- After that, the samples were cooled by air for 1.5 h, and finally cooled for 0.5 h, with the cooling temperature of 25 °C.
2.3.2. Mechanical Test
2.3.3. Industrial CT test
2.3.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Test
3. Test Results and Analysis of Compressive Strength
4. Analysis on Pore Development in Concrete
4.1. ICT Results of Concrete under the Action of Dry–Wet Cycles and Sulfate Attack
4.1.1. Pore Characteristics of Concrete
4.1.2. Analysis of Crack Growth in Concrete
4.2. NMR Test Results of Concrete Soaked in Na2SO4 Solution at Room Temperature
4.2.1. T2 Spectrum Distribution of Pore Fluid
4.2.2. T2 Spectrum Area of Pore Fluid
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under the two erosion environments of group D and group J, the compressive strength of concrete shows the similar trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the dry–wet cycles accelerate sulfate corrosion.
- (2)
- According to ICT results, the number proportion of pores within the range of 0~0.01 mm3 in group D accounts for the most, which increases first and then decreases with the increase of dry–wet cycles. In the early erosion, larger pores in concrete are filled with erosion products and develop into small pores. In the later stage of erosion, the proportion of small pores decreases, while the proportion of larger pores increases, and cracks appear inside concrete.
- (3)
- After 80 dry–wet cycles, obvious cracks appear on the surface and inner layers of D5 with larger water cement ratio. Cracks on the surface layer of concrete, mainly distributed on the edge of concrete. From the surface layer to inner layer, the number of cracks gradually decreases.
- (4)
- Under soaking and erosion of Na2SO4 solution, the T2 spectrum distribution of pore fluid for group J is dominated by peak 1, and the main peak is much higher than the sub-peak, which indicates that the proportion of smaller pore fluid in concrete is in the majority. With the increase of soaking time in Na2SO4 solution, the T2 spectrum distribution curve gradually moves toward the larger pore size, and the signal intensity of larger pores generally shows an increasing trend.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Alkali | Loss on Ignition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
22.81 | 3.36 | 5.62 | 61.43 | 1.35 | 2.17 | 0.54 | 2.60 |
Density (g/cm3) | Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Fineness (%) | Setting Time (min) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Flexural Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Setting | Final Setting | 3 Days | 28 Days | 3 Days | 28 Days | |||
3.10 | 360 | 3.8 | 125 | 180 | 24.0 | 50.5 | 4.7 | 8.3 |
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O, K2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
49.02 | 31.56 | 6.97 | 4.88 | 0.83 | 1.78 |
Fineness (45μm) | Water Requirement Ratio | Loss on Ignition | Water Content | SO3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 | 94 | 3.65 | 0.3 | 1.2 |
Appearance | Hydroxyl | PH | Moisture | Solubility |
---|---|---|---|---|
Light yellow to white flake | 22~27 | 5.0~7.0 | ≤0.5 | Soluble in water and various organic substances |
W/C | W/CM | Cement (kg/m3) | Fly ash (kg/m3) | Sand (kg/m3) | Coarse Aggregate (kg/m3) | Water (kg/m3) | Superplasticizer (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.50 | 0.402 | 330 | 80 | 806 | 1026 | 165 | 7.6 |
0.45 | 0.375 | 365 | 75 | 776 | 1031 | 165 | 8.1 |
Label | 0d (MPa) | 40d (MPa) | 80d (MPa) | 120d (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
J5 | 41.8 ± 1.1 | 43.0 ± 1.3 | 46.4 ± 3.6 | 43.5 ± 1.8 |
J4 | 47.4 ± 0.8 | 47.7 ± 0.4 | 51.1 ± 1.4 | 50.1 ± 3.0 |
D5 | 41.8 ± 1.1 | 45.6 ± 1.9 | 44.0 ± 4.8 | 38.5 ± 1.2 |
D4 | 47.4 ± 0.8 | 49.7 ± 1.2 | 50.3 ± 3.2 | 44.6 ± 1.9 |
Label | Soak Days (d) | Total Area of T2 Spectrum | The Proportion of Peaks (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak 1 | Peak 2 | Peak 3 | Peak 4 | |||
J5 | 3 | 2826.39 | 89.09 | 10.91 | \ | \ |
21 | 2974.90 | 90.27 | 9.50 | 0.24 | \ | |
39 | 3014.17 | 88.64 | 10.85 | 0.52 | \ | |
57 | 3708.11 | 73.36 | 22.78 | 3.87 | \ | |
75 | 3809.68 | 70.09 | 24.04 | 5.87 | \ | |
J4 | 3 | 2913.03 | 87.45 | 12.16 | 0.38 | \ |
21 | 2820.78 | 89.25 | 10.75 | \ | \ | |
39 | 3357.62 | 86.29 | 13.08 | 0.26 | 0.38 | |
57 | 3602.63 | 75.31 | 24.31 | 0.35 | 0.03 | |
75 | 3729.39 | 73.21 | 24.87 | 1.92 | \ |
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Liu, F.; Zhang, T.; Luo, T.; Zhou, M.; Zhang, K.; Ma, W. Study on the Deterioration of Concrete under Dry–Wet Cycle and Sulfate Attack. Materials 2020, 13, 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184095
Liu F, Zhang T, Luo T, Zhou M, Zhang K, Ma W. Study on the Deterioration of Concrete under Dry–Wet Cycle and Sulfate Attack. Materials. 2020; 13(18):4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184095
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Fang, Tonghuan Zhang, Tao Luo, Mengzhen Zhou, Kunkun Zhang, and Weiwei Ma. 2020. "Study on the Deterioration of Concrete under Dry–Wet Cycle and Sulfate Attack" Materials 13, no. 18: 4095. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184095