Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica–Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Silica–Lignin Hybrid Materials
2.3. Preparation of Polylactide/Silica–Lignin Hybrid Composites
2.4. Biodegradation of Composite Films
2.5. Characterization of Materials
2.5.1. Particle Size Distribution and Porous Properties of Fillers
2.5.2. Differential Scanning Calorimetry
2.5.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.5.4. Colorimetric Analysis
2.5.5. Tensile Properties
2.5.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Hybrid Fillers
3.2. Differential Scanning Analysis
3.3. Thermal Stability of Composites
3.4. Colorimetric Analysis
3.5. Mechanical Properties
3.6. Morphology of Films
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Particle Size Distribution Range (nm) | Mean Size of Pores (nm) |
---|---|---|
Silica | 39–71; 1440–4800 | 3.9 |
Lignin | 1720–5560 | 12.3 |
Filler 20:1 | 39–79; 1720–4800 | 4.1 |
Filler 5:1 | 68–122; 1990–4800 | 4.8 |
Filler 2:1 | 79–220; 1720–4800 | 5.5 |
Filler 1:1 | 91–220; 1990–5560 | 8.0 |
Sample | Tm (°C) | Tc (°C) | Xc (%) | t0.5 (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | 177.0 | 98.0 | 60 | 2.9 |
PLA/20:1 | 177.4 | 105.9 | 47 | 2.8 |
PLA/5:1 | 176.9 | 106.6 | 48 | 2.5 |
PLA/2:1 | 175.9 | 105.8 | 51 | 2.4 |
PLA/1:1 | 174.5 | 103.5 | 52 | 2.2 |
dPLA | 176.8 | 98.1 | 66 | 2.5 |
dPLA/20:1 | 177.0 | 107.6 | 49 | 2.2 |
dPLA/5:1 | 177.0 | 107.9 | 51 | 2.2 |
dPLA/2:1 | 176.9 | 107.2 | 55 | 2.1 |
dPLA/1:1 | 175.9 | 106.1 | 57 | 2.0 |
Sample | 5% wt. Loss | 15% wt. Loss | 50% wt. Loss |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | |||
PLA | 326 | 337 | 361 |
PLA/20:1 | 314 | 331 | 359 |
PLA/5:1 | 303 | 326 | 350 |
PLA/2:1 | 314 | 332 | 358 |
PLA/1:1 | 281 | 291 | 315 |
dPLA | 314 | 326 | 345 |
dPLA/20:1 | 314 | 331 | 360 |
dPLA/5:1 | 303 | 325 | 350 |
dPLA/2:1 | 314 | 332 | 356 |
dPLA/1:1 | 280 | 321 | 345 |
Sample | YM (GPa) | TS (MPa) | EB (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PLA | 2.08 ± 0.12 | 52.28 ± 5.59 | 46.33 ± 17.17 |
PLA/20:1 | 1.15 ± 0.18 | 27.94 ± 1.84 | 10.23 ± 1.20 |
PLA/5:1 | 1.33 ± 0.13 | 30.42 ± 2.56 | 20.37 ± 7.20 |
PLA/2:1 | 1.34 ± 0.21 | 38.17 ± 1.08 | 5.26 ± 1.38 |
PLA/1:1 | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 30.07 ± 3.14 | 3.67 ± 0.79 |
dPLA | 2.11 ± 0.55 | 52.93 ± 2.53 | 12.30 ± 3.75 |
dPLA/20:1 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 21.30 ± 0.25 | 1.75 ± 0.04 |
dPLA/5:1 | 0.37 ± 0.15 | 13.39 ± 6.12 | 2.01 ± 0.68 |
dPLA/2:1 | 0.29 * | 7.58 * | 1.67 * |
dPLA/1:1 | 0.14 * | 3.17 * | 1.41 * |
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Grząbka-Zasadzińska, A.; Klapiszewski, Ł.; Borysiak, S.; Jesionowski, T. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica–Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation. Materials 2018, 11, 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112257
Grząbka-Zasadzińska A, Klapiszewski Ł, Borysiak S, Jesionowski T. Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica–Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation. Materials. 2018; 11(11):2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112257
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrząbka-Zasadzińska, Aleksandra, Łukasz Klapiszewski, Sławomir Borysiak, and Teofil Jesionowski. 2018. "Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Silica–Lignin/Polylactide Composites Subjected to Biodegradation" Materials 11, no. 11: 2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112257