Advanced Electrical Machines and Machine-Based Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electric Vehicle Drive System
- (1)
- High torque density and power density.
- (2)
- Very wide speed range, for example the speed range of the constant power region should be 3–4-times that of the constant torque region, as shown in Figure 2.
- (3)
- Extended area of high efficiency; it should cover most of the operating regions.
- (4)
- Large torque output at low speeds in order to dispose of enough torque when the vehicle starts or is climbing.
- (5)
- Strong overload capability, for instance the motor can output two-times the rated torque during a short time.
- (6)
- Security and reliability, for instance fault-tolerant configurations should be arranged.
- (7)
- Motor noise and torque ripple should be suppressed.
- (8)
- Reasonable costs.
Items | EV motors | Traditional industrial motors |
---|---|---|
Ambient temperate | −40~140 °C | 20~40 °C |
Operation environment | Adverse | Indoor |
Coolant temperate | 75~150 °C | <40 °C |
Winding temperate | 160~200 °C | 75~130 °C |
Speed range | 0~15,000 rpm | <3000 rpm |
Noise level | Very low | Low |
Speed demand | Frequent changes | Keep uniform |
Installation space | Very limited | Loose |
System voltage | Independent/Variable | Static grid |
Efficiency | Efficient | Determined by application |
Motor type | Torque (Nm) | Armature current density (A/mm2) | Efficiency (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1500 r/min | |||
PMSM(Prius) | 303 | 15.7 | 91.3 |
SRM | 297 | 15.8/12.1 | 83.1 |
IM | 294 | 20.1 | 85.2 |
6000 r/min | |||
PMSM(Prius) | 45.6 | 3.75 | 96.1 |
SRM | 50.8 | 4.51/3.72 | 95.2 |
IM | 52.1 | 4.02 | 88.2 |
3. Advanced Motor Topologies
3.1. Stator Permanent Magnet Motor
3.1.1. Doubly-Salient PM Motor (DSPM)
3.1.2. Flux Switching PM Motor (FSPM)
3.2. Hybrid-Excitation Motor
3.3. Flux Memory Motor
3.4. Redundant Structure and Fault-Tolerance Control
Motor topology | Stator-PM motors | Hybrid-excitation motor | Flux memory motor | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DSPM | FSPM | FRPM | |||
Stator | Salient poles with both PM and armature windings | ||||
Rotor | Salient poles with neither magnets nor windings | ||||
Magnet location | Stator | ||||
Magnet volume | Low | Medium | High | Lower than PM counterpart | Similar to PM counterpart |
Magnet material | NdFeB | NdFeB | NdFeB | NdFeB | AlNiCo |
Field winding | - | - | - | Stator | Stator |
Field coil loss | - | - | - | High | Negligible |
Flux controllability | Low | Low | Low | High | High |
Speed range | Limited | Limited | Limited | Wide | Wide |
Torque Density | Low | Low | High | Medium | Medium |
4. Advanced Electric Drive System
4.1. Magnetic-Geared In-Wheel Drive System
4.2. ISG System Based on the PM Motor
5. Power Distribution System for an HEV
5.1. Dual-Rotor PM ECVT
5.2. Dual-Stator PM Brushless ECVT
5.3. Dual-Rotor Magnetic-Geared Brushless ECVT
ECVT topology | Dual-rotor PM | Dual-stator PM | Magnetic-geared |
---|---|---|---|
Stator number | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Rotor number | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Winding number | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Brush | Yes | No | No |
Converter number | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Magnet amount | Low | High | Low |
Copper amount | High | High | Low |
Torque density | Medium | Medium | High |
6. Conclusions and Developing Trends
- (i)
- Motor level: various novel motor topologies and control algorithm may be proposed to satisfy the specific requirements of EV motors.
- (ii)
- Drive system level: a novel electric drive system with advanced performance should be developed to replace the mechanical gear and transmission axle by electric technology and to achieve the full electrification of the powertrain.
- (iii)
- Powertrain level: the optimized design of the operation patterns for the electrified powertrain, especially for HEVs and plug-in HEVs with ECVT, should be pursued to enhance the energy economy of the vehicles.
- (iv)
- Whole vehicle level: to minimize the overall cost and weight of the vehicle, the motor drive system may be integrated with other electric devices. A motor drive system integrated with a charger for a plug-in HEV is just an example.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cheng, M.; Sun, L.; Buja, G.; Song, L. Advanced Electrical Machines and Machine-Based Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Energies 2015, 8, 9541-9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099541
Cheng M, Sun L, Buja G, Song L. Advanced Electrical Machines and Machine-Based Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Energies. 2015; 8(9):9541-9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099541
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheng, Ming, Le Sun, Giuseppe Buja, and Lihua Song. 2015. "Advanced Electrical Machines and Machine-Based Systems for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles" Energies 8, no. 9: 9541-9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099541