Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Proposed Optimal Energy Management of Cooperative Multi-Microgrids
2.1. Cooperative Multi-Microgrid Community
- Microgrids are equipped with photovoltaic (PV) systems and CHP generators as electric energy sources but the production costs of CHP generators are different;
- Microgrids can trade electric energy internally with other microgrids in the cooperative community as well as externally with the power grid;
- A μEMS in a microgrid is a centralized energy management system of its own microgrid;
- A central energy management system (central EMS) has a global optimization function to manage any electric energy surplus/shortage of involved microgrids in the cooperative community.
2.2. Sequentially Coordinated Operations of Cooperative Multi-Microgrids
- Step 1: Local optimization of the electric energy by μEMS in each microgrid.
- Step 2: Global optimization of the electric energy cooperatively by central EMS in the cooperative community.
3. Mathematical Modeling of Cooperative Multi-Microgrid Operation Processes
3.1. Nomenclature
₩ | South Korea Won |
t | the identifier of operation interval |
T | the number of operation intervals |
l | the identifier of microgrid |
L | the number of microgrids |
e | the identifier of electric energy |
the electric energy production cost of the PV in the lth microgrid (₩/kW h) | |
the electric energy production cost of the CHP in the lth microgrid (₩) | |
the buying price from the power grid in the lth microgrid at t (₩/kW h) | |
the selling price to the power grid in the lth microgrid at t (₩/kW h] | |
the amount of electric energy surplus in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) | |
the amount of electric energy shortage in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) | |
the output produced from the PV system in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) | |
the electric energy production amount of the CHP in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) | |
the electric energy demand in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) | |
he amount of the selling electric energy in the lth microgrid determined by central EMS at t (kW h) | |
the amount of the buying electric energy in the lth microgrid determined by central EMS at t (kW h) | |
the sending electric energy amount in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) for the main internal trading (kW h) | |
the received electric energy amount in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) for the main internal trading (kW h) | |
the increased electric energy production amount of the CHP in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) for the ancillary internal trading (kW h) | |
the decreased electric energy production amount of the CHP in the lth microgrid at t (kW h) for the ancillary internal trading (kW h) |
3.2. Mathematical Modeling of Step 1: Local Optimization
3.3. Mathematical Modeling of Step 2: Global Optimization
3.4. Total Optimal Operation Costs
4. Simulation Study
Time | Microgrid A | Microgrid B | Microgrid C | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 369 | 450 | 0 | 81 | 0 | 192 | 360 | 0 | 168 | 0 | 550 | 550 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 345 | 450 | 0 | 105 | 0 | 187 | 360 | 0 | 173 | 0 | 525 | 525 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 329 | 329 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 189 | 360 | 0 | 171 | 0 | 475 | 480 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
4 | 351 | 351 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 188 | 360 | 0 | 172 | 0 | 472 | 480 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
5 | 381 | 381 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 360 | 0 | 160 | 0 | 485 | 480 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
6 | 372 | 450 | 0 | 78 | 0 | 224 | 360 | 0 | 136 | 0 | 495 | 495 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 470 | 450 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 247 | 600 | 0 | 353 | 0 | 511 | 511 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 454 | 450 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 305 | 600 | 0 | 295 | 0 | 568 | 700 | 7 | 139 | 0 |
9 | 363 | 450 | 9 | 96 | 0 | 535 | 600 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 620 | 700 | 10 | 90 | 0 |
10 | 371 | 450 | 10 | 89 | 0 | 673 | 600 | 5 | 0 | 68 | 651 | 700 | 12 | 61 | 0 |
11 | 373 | 450 | 13 | 90 | 0 | 670 | 600 | 8 | 0 | 62 | 682 | 700 | 16 | 34 | 0 |
12 | 416 | 450 | 18 | 52 | 0 | 651 | 600 | 10 | 0 | 41 | 729 | 700 | 25 | 0 | 4 |
13 | 361 | 338 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 320 | 360 | 15 | 55 | 0 | 743 | 480 | 28 | 0 | 235 |
14 | 362 | 337 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 343 | 360 | 19 | 36 | 0 | 762 | 480 | 24 | 0 | 258 |
15 | 357 | 333 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 585 | 565 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 803 | 480 | 20 | 0 | 303 |
16 | 351 | 330 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 603 | 589 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 807 | 480 | 13 | 0 | 314 |
17 | 357 | 450 | 18 | 111 | 0 | 600 | 600 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 769 | 700 | 4 | 0 | 65 |
18 | 391 | 450 | 8 | 67 | 0 | 557 | 600 | 4 | 47 | 0 | 775 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 75 |
19 | 464 | 450 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 424 | 600 | 0 | 176 | 0 | 824 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 124 |
20 | 467 | 450 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 356 | 600 | 0 | 244 | 0 | 804 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 104 |
21 | 428 | 450 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 317 | 600 | 0 | 283 | 0 | 793 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 93 |
22 | 417 | 450 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 299 | 600 | 0 | 301 | 0 | 723 | 700 | 0 | 0 | 23 |
23 | 414 | 450 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 247 | 600 | 0 | 353 | 0 | 664 | 700 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
24 | 400 | 450 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 216 | 600 | 0 | 384 | 0 | 604 | 700 | 0 | 96 | 0 |
Time | Microgrid A | Microgrid B | Microgrid C | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 58.2289 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 120.771 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 88.0036 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 144.996 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 149 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 26.233 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.76705 |
4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 171 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 |
5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 155 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 72.5327 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 126.467 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
7 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 302 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31 | 0 | 0 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 295 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 139 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 90 |
10 | 40.3467 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 48.6533 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.6533 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33.3467 |
11 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 0 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 |
12 | 45 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
13 | 0 | 0 | 112 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 0 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 113 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 109 | 0 |
15 | 0 | 0 | 117 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 151 | 0 |
16 | 0 | 0 | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 183 | 0 |
17 | 58.6585 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.3415 | 6.34146 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.65854 | 0 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
18 | 44.0789 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22.9211 | 30.9211 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.0789 | 0 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
19 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 138 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 0 | 124 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
20 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 123 | 0 | 104 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
21 | 6.7082 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.2918 | 86.2918 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 196.708 | 0 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
22 | 2.27246 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30.7275 | 20.7275 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 280.273 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 353 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 |
24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 384 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 96 |
Time | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Main | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 62 | 45 |
Ancillary | 70 | 45 | 149 | 171 | 155 | 15 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Internal | 70 | 45 | 149 | 171 | 160 | 15 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 62 | 45 |
Time | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
Main | 55 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 65 | 75 | 138 | 121 | 93 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
Ancillary | 112 | 113 | 152 | 131 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Internal | 167 | 149 | 152 | 131 | 65 | 75 | 138 | 121 | 93 | 23. | 30 | 0 |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Song, N.-O.; Lee, J.-H.; Kim, H.-M.; Im, Y.H.; Lee, J.Y. Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations. Energies 2015, 8, 8371-8390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8088371
Song N-O, Lee J-H, Kim H-M, Im YH, Lee JY. Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations. Energies. 2015; 8(8):8371-8390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8088371
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Nah-Oak, Ji-Hye Lee, Hak-Man Kim, Yong Hoon Im, and Jae Yong Lee. 2015. "Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations" Energies 8, no. 8: 8371-8390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8088371