Investigation of Fault Permeability in Sands with Different Mineral Compositions (Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Reservoir)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Section
2.1. Samples
2.2. Ring-Shear Apparatus and Permeability Measurements
2.3. Analysis of Microstructure and Grain Size Distribution of Shear Zones
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Permeability and Porosity Reduction versus Effective Normal Stress
Effective Normal Stress during Shearing (MPa) | Permeability (m2) | Porosity (%) | Specimen Height (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Compaction | After Shearing | Initial Compaction | After Shearing | Initial Compaction | After Shearing | |
σ′n | kic | kas | ϕic | ϕas | Hic | Has |
Toyoura | ||||||
0.5 | 1.80 × 10−13 | 7.21 × 10−16 | 44.8 | 43.6 | 23.7 | 21.7 |
1.0 | 2.55 × 10−13 | 3.83 × 10−16 | 44.4 | 42.2 | 22.4 | 19.8 |
2.0 | 3.64 × 10−13 | 1.70 × 10−16 | 42.8 | 38.7 | 22.3 | 19.3 |
3.0 | 5.06 × 10−13 | 1.92 × 10−17 | 42.9 | 31.4 | 21.5 | 18.5 |
5.0 | 3.42 × 10−13 | 6.15 × 10−18 | 40.6 | 31.4 | 21.6 | 17.6 |
8.0 | 4.74 × 10−14 | 5.31 × 10−18 | 39.7 | 31.6 | 23.3 | 19.5 |
Silica sand No. 7 | ||||||
0.5 | 3.51 × 10−13 | 7.38 × 10−16 | 46.2 | 43.7 | 21.1 | 20.2 |
1.0 | 3.88 × 10−13 | 5.19 × 10−17 | 46.5 | 41.5 | 21.3 | 19.4 |
2.0 | 2.83 × 10−13 | 1.42 × 10−17 | 44.8 | 34.1 | 22.9 | 19.2 |
3.0 | 4.10 × 10−13 | 2.02 × 10−17 | 43.5 | 31.8 | 22.4 | 18.5 |
5.0 | 1.82 × 10−13 | 7.73 × 10−18 | 42.9 | 30.4 | 22.0 | 18.0 |
8.0 | 5.71 × 10−14 | 6.89 × 10−18 | 40.5 | 30.8 | 21.2 | 18.2 |
No. | Correlations | Statistical Fit | Sample * | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
r | T or No. 7 | |||
1 | kas = 2.0 × 10−15 × exp (−1.3915 × σ′n) | 0.976 | T | kas, σ′n < 3.0 MPa |
2 | kas = 3.0 × 10−17 × exp (−0.2408 × σ′n) | 0.861 | T | kas, σ′n > 3.0 MPa |
3 | kas = 1.0 × 10−15 × exp (−2.4430 × σ′n) | 0.926 | No. 7 | kas, σ′n < 2.0 MPa |
4 | kas = 2.0 × 10−17 × exp (−0.1602 × σ′n) | 0.832 | No. 7 | kas, σ′n > 2.0 MPa |
5 | kic = 2.0 × 10−13 × exp (−0.0839 × σ′n) | 0.825 | T | kic, σ′n = 0.5–8.0 MPa |
6 | kic = 5.0 × 10−13 × exp (−0.2450 × σ′n) | 0.921 | No. 7 | kic, σ′n = 0.5–8.0 MPa |
7 | ϕas = 47.7362 × exp (−0.1297 × σ′n) | 0.969 | T | ϕas, σ′n < 3.0 MPa |
8 | ϕas = 31.2473 × exp (0.0012 × σ′n) | 0.993 | T | ϕas, σ′n > 3.0 MPa |
9 | ϕas = 48.2113 × exp (−0.1696 × σ′n) | 0.991 | No. 7 | ϕas, σ′n < 2.0 MPa |
10 | ϕas = 33.9440 × exp (−0.0149 × σ′n) | 0.758 | No. 7 | ϕas, σ′n > 2.0 MPa |
11 | ϕic = 44.9012 × exp (−0.0168 × σ′n) | 0.967 | T | ϕic, σ′n = 0.5–8.0 MPa |
12 | ϕic = 46.6999 × exp (−0.0181 × σ′n) | 0.981 | No. 7 | ϕic, σ′n = 0.5–8.0 MPa |
3.2. Microstructure and Grain Size Distribution of Shear Zones
Effective Normal Stress during Shearing | Grain Size Distribution (%) | Median | Sorting | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clay | Silt | Sand | D50 | SO | |
σ′n (MPa) | Sub-3.9-µm | 3.9–62.5 (µm) | 62.5–2000 (µm) | (µm) | |
Toyoura | |||||
Original | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 231.7 | 0.37 |
0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 225.8 | 0.31 |
1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 219.5 | 0.35 |
2.0 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 93.2 | 211.7 | 0.71 |
3.0 | 13.2 | 10.2 | 76.6 | 184.2 | 2.49 |
5.0 | 33.4 | 25.0 | 41.6 | 18.1 | 3.03 |
8.0 | 37.7 | 30.3 | 32.0 | 8.8 | 2.96 |
Silica sand No. 7 | |||||
Original | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 215.7 | 0.42 |
0.5 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 98.0 | 194.2 | 0.49 |
1.0 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 93.1 | 192.1 | 0.75 |
2.0 | 9.3 | 12.8 | 77.9 | 166.4 | 1.99 |
3.0 | 18.1 | 15.0 | 66.9 | 149.2 | 2.76 |
5.0 | 45.7 | 35.2 | 19.1 | 4.8 | 2.81 |
8.0 | 38.1 | 52.5 | 9.4 | 7.0 | 2.28 |
3.3. Effect of Grain Size Reduction of Shear Zone on Permeability/Porosity Reduction
No. | Correlations | Statistical Fit | Sample * | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
r | T or No. 7 | |||
13 | kas = 2.0 × 10−24 × exp (0.0862 × D50) | 0.998 | T | kas, D50 > 184.2 µm |
14 | kas = 5.0 × 10−18 × exp (0.00071 × D50) | 0.998 | T | kas, D50 < 184.2 µm |
15 | kas = 2.0 × 10−25 × exp (0.1033 × D50) | 0.795 | No. 7 | kas, D50 > 166.4 µm |
16 | kas = 7.0 × 10−18 × exp (0.0054 × D50) | 0.928 | No. 7 | kas, D50 < 166.4 µm |
17 | ϕas = 0.2978 × D50 − 23.6646 | 0.995 | T | ϕas, D50 > 184.2 µm |
18 | ϕas = −0.0008 × D50 + 31.5057 | 0.761 | T | ϕas, D50 < 184.2 µm |
19 | ϕas = 0.3204 × D50 − 19.2591 | 0.988 | No. 7 | ϕas, D50 > 166.4 µm |
20 | ϕas = 0.0166 × D50 + 30.4121 | 0.867 | No. 7 | ϕas, D50 < 166.4 µm |
21 | kas = 4.0 × 10−22 × exp (0.1411 × Sand) | 0.985 | T | kas, Sand > 76.6% |
22 | kas = 2.0 × 10−18 × exp (0.0298 × Sand) | 0.995 | T | kas, Sand < 76.6% |
23 | kas = 2.0 × 10−23 × exp (0.1701 × Sand) | 0.885 | No. 7 | kas, Sand > 77.9% |
24 | kas = 6.0 × 10−18 × exp (0.0136 × Sand) | 0.913 | No. 7 | kas, Sand < 77.9% |
25 | ϕas = 0.4921 × Sand − 6.5634 | 0.991 | T | ϕas, Sand > 76.6% |
26 | ϕas = −0.0036 × Sand + 31.6309 | 0.854 | T | ϕas, Sand < 76.6% |
27 | ϕas = 0.4793 × Sand − 3.2028 | 0.999 | No. 7 | ϕas, Sand > 77.9% |
28 | ϕas = 0.0431 × Sand + 29.9039 | 0.873 | No. 7 | ϕas, Sand < 77.9% |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kimura, S.; Kaneko, H.; Ito, T.; Minagawa, H. Investigation of Fault Permeability in Sands with Different Mineral Compositions (Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Reservoir). Energies 2015, 8, 7202-7223. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8077202
Kimura S, Kaneko H, Ito T, Minagawa H. Investigation of Fault Permeability in Sands with Different Mineral Compositions (Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Reservoir). Energies. 2015; 8(7):7202-7223. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8077202
Chicago/Turabian StyleKimura, Sho, Hiroaki Kaneko, Takuma Ito, and Hideki Minagawa. 2015. "Investigation of Fault Permeability in Sands with Different Mineral Compositions (Evaluation of Gas Hydrate Reservoir)" Energies 8, no. 7: 7202-7223. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8077202