Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Method
2.1. Corn Stover Harvest and Characterization
2.2. Corn Stover Combustion in a Small-Scale Boiler
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Corn Stover Characteristics
Characteristic | Units | Average | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bale length | m | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.55 | 0.64 |
Bale mass | kg | 8.83 | 0.90 | 7.47 | 10.53 |
MC at harvest | % w.b. | 5.33 | 0.61 | 4.26 | 6.54 |
MC at ash measurement | % w.b. | 6.83 | 0.17 | 6.40 | 7.07 |
Density at harvest (wet basis) | kg/m3 | 92.1 | 7.1 | 81.3 | 102.3 |
Density at harvest (dry basis) | kg DM/m3 | 87.2 | 6.9 | 76.0 | 97.1 |
Gross calorific value (GCV) | MJ/kg DM | 18.57 | 0.32 | 17.57 | 19.02 |
Ash content | % of DM | 5.88 | 1.15 | 4.73 | 9.25 |
3.2. Combustion Results
Units | Corn Stover | Wood Log | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Average | SD | Control | ||
Process conditions | ||||
Trial duration | h | 25.0 | 1.6 | 24.0 |
Boiler water temperature | °C | 70.0 | 3.6 | 78.4 |
Inlet water temperature at exchanger | °C | 66.8 | 3.6 | 75.6 |
Exit water temperature at exchanger | °C | 49.5 | 1.8 | 32.1 |
Water flow rate in exchanger | L/s | 0.47 | 0.0 | 0.47 |
Inlet air temperature at exchanger | °C | 12.1 | 3.4 | 12.8 |
Exit air temperature at exchanger | °C | 42.7 | 2.3 | 44.8 |
Air temperature gain | °C | 30.6 | 3.1 | 31.9 |
Air flow rate through exchanger | m3/s | 0.70 | 0.0 | 0.70 |
Mass balance | ||||
Corn stover mass | kg, w.b. | 278.0 | 29.3 | - |
Corn stover m.c. | %, w.b. | 8.7 | 0.0 | - |
Hard wood mass | kg, w.b. | 18.7 | 24.2 | 291.6 |
Hard wood m.c. | %, w.b. | 14.0 | 0.0 | 21.0 |
Total biomass consumption | kg, w.b. | 296.7 | 44.2 | 291.6 |
kg, d.b. | 269.9 | 39.3 | 230.3 | |
Biomass consumption rate | kg/h, w.b. | 11.8 | 1.2 | 12.1 |
Ash and unburned residues | %, d.b. | 7.5 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
Energy balance | ||||
Corn stover GCV | MJ/kg, w.b. | 17.0 | 0.0 | - |
Hard wood GCV | MJ/kg, w.b. | 16.8 | 0.0 | 15.5 |
Gross energy available in biomass | MJ | 5029 | 747 | 4511 |
Net energy available in process water | MJ | 2856 | 461 | 3479 |
Net energy transferred to process air | MJ | 2295 | 299 | 2888 |
Efficiency, biomass to process water | % | 56.8 | 4.1 | 77.1 |
Efficiency, process water to process air | % | 80.7 | 2.9 | 83.0 |
Global efficiency of heat transfer | % | 45.7 | 2.5 | 64.0 |
Flue gas emission | ||||
CO | mg/m3 | 1324 | 216 | 118 |
CO2 | % | 9.7 | 0.9 | 6.3 |
NO | mg/m3 | 97.9 | 27.2 | 50.0 |
NO2 | mg/m3 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 |
NOx | mg/m3 | 99.1 | 26.3 | 50.6 |
Excess air ratio | 1.4 | 0.2 | 2.3 | |
Stack temperature | °C | 205.2 | 34.7 | 161.6 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
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Morissette, R.; Savoie, P.; Villeneuve, J. Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler. Energies 2011, 4, 1102-1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4071102
Morissette R, Savoie P, Villeneuve J. Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler. Energies. 2011; 4(7):1102-1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4071102
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorissette, René, Philippe Savoie, and Joey Villeneuve. 2011. "Combustion of Corn Stover Bales in a Small 146-kW Boiler" Energies 4, no. 7: 1102-1111. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4071102