Determinants of Employee Electricity Saving Behavior in Small Firms: The Role of Benefits and Leadership
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Small Firms in the Hospitality Sector and Environmental Challenges
2.2. Energy (Electricity) Saving Behaviour
2.3. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
2.4. Self-Determination Theory (SDT)
2.5. Leadership Theories
2.6. Hypotheses
2.6.1. Intrinsic Benefits and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.2. Extrinsic Benefits and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.3. Organisational Benefits and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.4. Social Benefit and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.5. Environmental Benefits and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.6. Leadership Behaviour and Support and Attitude towards Electricity Saving
2.6.7. Attitude and Intention
2.6.8. Intention and Behaviour
2.6.9. Moderating Role of Green Psychological Climate in the Relationship between Intention and Behaviour
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Response Rate and Biographical Detail
4.2. PLS SEM
4.2.1. The Measurement Model
4.2.2. Discriminant Validity
4.2.3. Structural Model
5. Discussion
6. Research Implications
6.1. Theoretical Implication
6.2. Practical Implication
6.3. Limitations and Areas for Further Study
7. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Construct | Questions | Adapted from (Source) |
---|---|---|
Personal Intrinsic benefits (enjoyment) | 1. I enjoy saving electricity in my firm 2. It gives me pleasure to save electricity for my firm 3. I am delighted saving electricity in my firm | [19] |
Extrinsic benefits (workplace reward) | 1. I will be rewarded with improved salary by my firm for my electricity saving behaviour 2. I will be rewarded with promotion by my firm for my electricity saving behaviour 3. I will be rewarded with job security by my firm for my electricity saving behaviour 4. I will be rewarded with a better job assignment by my firm for my electricity saving behaviour 5. My firm has rewards employee electricity saving behaviours. | [19,55] |
Environmental benefits | 1. Saving electricity in my firm helps to prevent global warming and climate change 2. Saving electricity in my firm helps to reduce my country’s ecological damage | [19] |
Social benefits | 1. Saving electricity in my firm helps to reduce electricity demand in the country 2. Saving electricity in my firm helps to reduce electricity load shedding and blackouts in the country 3. Saving electricity in my firm helps to improve access to electricity by people and business in the country 4. Saving electricity in my firm help to improve energy security of the country | [60,61] |
Organisational benefits | 1. Saving electricity reduces the cost of electricity incurred by my firm 2. Saving electricity will help my firm save money 3. Saving electricity is beneficial to my firm | [19,56,57] |
Attitude towards electricity saving | 1. For me, saving electricity in my firm is positive 2. For me, saving electricity in my firm is good 3. For me, saving electricity in my firm is positive wise 4. For me, saving electricity in my firm is positive is desirable | [19,56] |
Leadership behaviour | 1. ‘I save electricity because my manager/owner saves electricity at work 2. It is important to me that my manager/owner displays electricity saving at work 3. Seeing my manager/owner save electricity at work influences my own electricity saving behaviour at work. | [63,64,65,66,67,68] |
Leadership support | 1. My manager/owner supports me in electricity saving behaviour at work 2. I learn electricity saving behaviour at work. 3. My manager/owner encourages employees to save electricity at work 4. There is the support of manger/owner for the electricity saving effort of employees. | [63,64,65,66,67,68] |
Intention to save electricity | 1. I intend to save electricity in my firm 2. I plan to save electricity in my firm 3. I am willing to save electricity in my firm | [23,55] |
Electricity saving behaviour | 1. When I am at work in my firm: I turn off the lights when going out even for a short time. 2. I reduce the use of the fan/air conditioner by opening the windows 3. I switch off the computer when it is not used. 4. I limit the duration that the refrigerator door is kept open 5. I turn off the lights when the sunshine is bright enough. 6. I properly close the room when I use the air-conditioner 7. I switch off all lights when leaving work as the last person | [23,55] |
Green psychological climate | 1. My firm is worried about its environmental impact 2. My firm is interested in supporting environmental causes 3. My firm believes it is important to protect the environment 4. My firm is concerned with becoming more environmentally friendly. 5. My firm would like to be seen as environmentally friendly | [80] |
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Construct | Measurement Items | Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrinsic benefits (INT) (enjoyment) (Mean 3.35 Standard deviation 1.03) | INT1 | 0.771 | 0.802 | 0.811 | 0.589 |
INT2 | 0.802 | ||||
INT3 | 0.729 | ||||
Extrinsic benefits (EXT) (reward) (Mean 1.82 Standard deviation 0.99) | EXT 1 | 0.732 | 0.790 | 0.855 | 0.595 |
EXT2 | 0.746 | ||||
EXT3 | 0.779 | ||||
EXT4 | 0.411 D | ||||
EXT5 | 0.826 | ||||
Organisational benefits (ORG) (Mean 3.70, standard deviation 1.01) | ORG1 | 0.827 | 0.755 | 0.833 | 0.631 |
ORG2 | 0.801 | ||||
ORG3 | 0.742 | ||||
Environmental benefits (ENV) (Mean 3.46 Standard deviation 1.06) | ENV1 | 0.818 | 0.814 | 0.790 | 0.654 |
ENV2 | 0.799 | ||||
Social benefits (SOC) Mean 4.10 Standard deviation 1.02 | SOC1 | 0.741 | 0.726 | 0.864 | 0.613 |
SOC2 | 0.782 | ||||
SOC3 | 0.808 | ||||
SOC4 | 0.799 | ||||
Leadership behaviour (LEB) Mean 4.02 standard deviation 1.05) | LEB1 | 0.901 | 0.800 | 0.842 | 0.662 |
LEB2 | 0.803 | ||||
LEB3 | 0.729 | ||||
Leadership support (LES) (Mean 3.88 standard deviation 1.03) | LES1 | 0.820 | 0.733 | 0.860 | 0.606 |
LES2 | 0.761 | ||||
LES3 | 0.728 | ||||
LES4 | 0.802 | ||||
Green Psychological climate (GPC) (Mean 3.55 standard deviation 1.06) | GPC1 | 0.816 | 0.808 | 0.892 | 0.623 |
GPC2 | 0.800 | ||||
GPC3 | 0.779 | ||||
GPC4 | 0.736 | ||||
GPC5 | 0.816 | ||||
Attitude to energy conservation (ATT) Mean 4.35 standard deviation 1.01 | Att1 | 0.813 | 0.860 | 0.852 | 0.591 |
ATT2 | 0.782 | ||||
ATT3 | 0.749 | ||||
ATT4 | 0.727 | ||||
Intention (INTE) Mean 4.18 standard deviation 1.03 | INTE1 | 0.844 | 0.841 | 0.839 | 0.635 |
INTE2 | 0.804 | ||||
INTE3 | 0.739 | ||||
Behaviour Mean (BEH) 4.26 standard deviation 1.03 | BEH1 | 0.819 | 0.762 | 0.901 | 0.564 |
BEH2 | 0.729 | ||||
BEH3 | 0.808 | ||||
BEH4 | 0.731 | ||||
BEH5 | 0.747 | ||||
BEH6 | 0.726 | ||||
BEH7 | 0.759 |
CON | INT | EXT | ORG | ENV | SOC | LEB | LES | GPC | ATT | INTE | BEH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INT | 0.767 | ||||||||||
EXT | 0.629 | 0.771 | |||||||||
ORG | 0.503 | 0.565 | 0.794 | ||||||||
ENV | 0.552 | 0.448 | 0.507 | 0.809 | |||||||
SOC | 0.417 | 0.602 | 0.583 | 0.422 | 0.783 | ||||||
LEB | 0.508 | 0.575 | 0.488 | 0.429 | 0.577 | 0.814 | |||||
LES | 0.612 | 0.408 | 0.422 | 0.529 | 0.627 | 0.705 | 0.778 | ||||
GPC | 0.558 | 0.614 | 0.449 | 0.506 | 0.609 | 0.582 | 0.602 | 0.789 | |||
ATT | 0.446 | 0.513 | 0.411 | 0.671 | 0.507 | 0.522 | 0.561 | 0.492 | 0.769 | ||
INTE | 0.693 | 0.581 | 0.538 | 0.499 | 0.605 | 0.622 | 0,585 | 0.660 | 0.513 | 0.797 | |
BEH | 0.425 | 0.399 | 0.482 | 0.571 | 0.599 | 0.608 | 0.661 | 0.482 | 0.533 | 0.597 | 0.751 |
Hypothesised Path | Path Coefficient | T-Statistics | Decision |
---|---|---|---|
H1 INT→ATT | 0.293 | 5.039 ** | Supported |
H2 EXT→ATT | 0.042 | 0.099 | Rejected |
H3 ORG-ATT | 0.206 | 7.071 * | Supported |
H4 ENV-ATT | 0.193 | 2.998 * | Supported |
H5 SOC-ATT | 0.306 | 5.008 * | Supported |
H6 LEB→ATT | 0.220 | 4.126 ** | Supported |
H7 LES→ATT | 0.149 | 3.335 ** | Supported |
H8 ATT→INTE | 0.276 | 3.902 * | Supported |
H9 INT→BEH | 0.195 | 3.664 ** | Supported |
H10 Moderation effect green psychological climate → intention on energy saving behaviour | 0.108 | 2.804 * | Supported |
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Fatoki, O. Determinants of Employee Electricity Saving Behavior in Small Firms: The Role of Benefits and Leadership. Energies 2022, 15, 3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093168
Fatoki O. Determinants of Employee Electricity Saving Behavior in Small Firms: The Role of Benefits and Leadership. Energies. 2022; 15(9):3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093168
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatoki, Olawale. 2022. "Determinants of Employee Electricity Saving Behavior in Small Firms: The Role of Benefits and Leadership" Energies 15, no. 9: 3168. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093168