Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Research in Electric Vehicle Battery Exploitation
- (1)
- issues related to the technical soundness of the proposed approach;
- (2)
- a cost that has not been identified or which has an unrealistically low value;
- (3)
- design decisions that limit the possibility to fully exploit EV storage capacity and local PV generation.
3. Proposed System
3.1. System Concept
3.2. Estimation of Profitability
4. Simulation Model
4.1. Discharge
Algorithm 1 The Logic of Discharge |
if Pbal < 0 then if SUM(SOCi, i = 1, n) > 0 then // the remaining electricity will be supplied preferably // from EV batteries, foreach EV in Parking Lot if EV in Energy Storage Pool then // the BMS of that vehicle checks the remaining capacity. SOC:= EV.remaining capacity if the SOC > Threshold then // Threshold = 0.2 if TimeToCharge(IntendedSOC) + CurrentTime < IntendedLeaveTime then SWITCH ON the battery discharge DISCH:= EV.discharge power else // current SOC is less and // there is at least 2 h reserve before the planned departure time. else if SOC < Threshold then if Departure − CurrentTime > 2 h then SWITCH ON the battery discharge DISCH:= EV.discharge power else else DISCH = 0 Charge the EV // charge from grid if Pbal + SUM(DISCHi, i = 1, n)) < 0 supply the remaining electricity from the grid else supply building from the grid. |
4.2. Charge
Algorithm 2 The Charge Logic |
if Pbal > 0 then // charge the available EVs as full as possible foreach EV in Parking Lot if EV in Energy Storage Pool then // the BMS of that vehicle checks the remaining capacity. SOC:= EV.remaining capacity if the SOC < Threshold then // Threshold = 0.9 // current SOC is less SWITCH ON the battery charge else if SOC >= Threshold then SWITCH OFF the battery charge |
5. Case Study
6. Results
6.1. One Day Simulation Results
6.2. Estimating Year Savings
6.3. Results Comparison Between the Regions
6.4. Comparison with the State of the Art
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value for the State | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AK | CA | NJ | ||
PV Rooftop Area, m2 | 3000 | |||
Peak PV Power, MW [49] | 2.412 | 2.736 | 2.886 | |
Total Year Solar Generation, MWh | 1810 | 3875 | 3066 | |
Building Consumption, MW [50] | Peak | 1.401 | 1.519 | 1.629 |
Mean | 0.692 | 0.884 | 0.835 | |
EV Battery Capacity, kWh [51] | 85 | |||
Max Power from/to EV, kW | 42.5 | |||
Number of Participating EVs | Max | 342 | 408 | 414 |
Mean | 35 | 153 | 86 | |
Average EV Staying Time, h | 7 | |||
Number of Working Days in a Year | 252 | |||
Electricity Price, ¢/kWh [52] | 17.59 | 15.42 | 13.74 |
Parameter | Value for the State | ||
---|---|---|---|
AK | CA | NJ | |
Combined Savings, $ | 23,695 | 73,205 | 36,234 |
Prosumer’s Part, $ | 14,258 | 41,668 | 29,656 |
EV Owners Part, $ | 9437 | 31,536 | 6578 |
Combined Annual Electricity Costs without Prosumer-EV Collaboration, $ | 484,985 | 461,870 | 397,323 |
Combined Savings Relative to Combined Annual Costs, % | 4.9 | 15.85 | 9.1 |
Number of EVs for the Year | 8759 | 38,478 | 21,764 |
Number of Sunny Days | 120 | 227 | 210 |
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Nefedov, E.; Sierla, S.; Vyatkin, V. Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings. Energies 2018, 11, 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082165
Nefedov E, Sierla S, Vyatkin V. Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings. Energies. 2018; 11(8):2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082165
Chicago/Turabian StyleNefedov, Evgeny, Seppo Sierla, and Valeriy Vyatkin. 2018. "Internet of Energy Approach for Sustainable Use of Electric Vehicles as Energy Storage of Prosumer Buildings" Energies 11, no. 8: 2165. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082165