Design of a Ventilation System Coupled with a Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) for a Residential Building in a Warm Climate
Abstract
:Highlights
- -
- The ventilation system of a residential building is investigated in a warm climate.
- -
- The design of a Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchanger is optimized.
- -
- Different HAGHE configurations have been modelled and compared.
- -
- The operative air temperature (TOP) has been evaluated inside the building.
- -
- The optimized HAGHE system assures a proper indoor ventilation.
1. Introduction
1.1. Building Optimal Design in a Warm Climate
1.2. Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchangers (HAGHEs)
2. Methodology
2.1. The Building Modeling
- Building information on envelope, walls, stratigraphy, materials, floor, roof, windows, and thermal loads (Type 56);
- Soil characteristics (Type 77);
- Weather data (Type 15) including the weather data of the location (data generated by Meteonorm);
- Single Pipe System in GHP (Geothermal Heat Pump) Library (Type 952);
- Time forcing function, varying from 0 (system turned off) to 1 (system turned on) (Type 14h).
- “Mean surface temperature” is the mean temperature of the air at zero altitude;
- “Amplitude of surface temperature” indicates the difference between the maximum temperature and the mean temperature (related to the temperature of the air at zero altitude);
- “Time shift” is the difference between the first day of the year and the day when there is the lowest annual temperature in a specific location.
2.2. The Case Study
2.3. The Calculation Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The First Step: Different Ground Thermal Conductivity Evaluation (No Geothermal System)
3.2. The Second Step: Natural Ventilation with Different Ground Thermal Conductivities (No Geothermal System)
3.3. The Third Step: Analysis of Different Single Pipe Flow Rates
3.4. The Fourth Step: Evaluation of the Number of Pipes
3.5. The Fifth Step: Study of the Length of the Pipe
3.6. The Sixth Step: Different Ground Thermal Conductivity Evaluation (Geothermal System)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
TOP | Operative air temperature (°C) |
HVAC | Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning |
HAGHE | Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchangers |
U | Steady thermal transmittance (W/m2K) |
Ymm | Thermal admittance (W/m2K) |
Ymn | Periodic thermal transmittance (W/m2K) |
c | Specific heat capacity (J/kgK) |
d | Thickness of a layer (m) |
fd | Decrement factor |
g | Solar factor |
t | Time shift: time lead (if positive), or time lag (if negative) (s or h) |
Ms | Total surface mass (excluding coats) (Kg/m2) |
fr | Flow rate (m3/h) |
Subscripts | |
m, n | For the thermal zones |
g | Glass |
f | Frame |
1 | Internal |
2 | External |
22 | From environment to environment |
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Pipe Parameters | Nominal Diameter | 0.2 | m |
Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Material | 0.40 | W/mK | |
Air Parameters | Density of Air | 1.205 | kg/m3 |
Thermal Conductivity of Air | 0.026 | W/mK | |
Specific Heat of Air | 1.005 | kJ/kgK | |
Viscosity of Air | 1.81 × 10−5 | kg/ms | |
Initial Temperature of Air | 10.1 | °C | |
Ground Parameters | Ground Thermal Conductivity | 1 | W/mK |
2 | W/mK | ||
3 | W/mK | ||
Density of Ground | 2723 | kg/m3 | |
Specific Heat of Ground | 0.837 | kJ/kgK | |
Average Surface Temperature | 16.7 | °C | |
Amplitude of Surface Temperature | 18.8 | °C | |
Time Shift | 45 | day | |
Finite Elements Calculation Set up | Number of Fluid Nodes | 200 (L = 20 m) | - |
250 (L = 25 m) | - | ||
300 (L = 30 m) | - | ||
400 (L = 40 m) | - | ||
500 (L = 50 m) | - | ||
Number of Radial Ground Nodes | −1 | - | |
Number of Axial Ground Nodes | 20 | - | |
Number of Circumferential Ground Nodes | 8 | - | |
Smallest Node Size | 0.2 | m | |
Node Size Multiplier | 1.2 | - | |
Farfield Distance | 1 | m |
Properties | Material | (W/m·K) | c (J/Kg·K) | Thickness (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall (Internal to External Side) | Tuff | 1.7 | 850 | 2300 | 10 |
Brick | 0.13 | 1000 | 600 | 20 | |
Polystyrene | 0.034 | 1700 | 35 | 8 | |
Ground Floor | Stoneware flooring | 1.47 | 850 | 1700 | 1.5 |
Concrete (1200 kg/m3) | 0.47 | 850 | 1200 | 8 | |
Concrete (1600 kg/m3) | 0.73 | 850 | 1600 | 5 | |
Igloo | 0.072 | 850 | 1000 | 16 | |
Screed ordinary concrete | 1.06 | 850 | 1700 | 5 | |
Gravel | 1.2 | 850 | 1700 | 1 | |
Ceiling | Hollow-core concrete | 0.743 | 850 | 1800 | 25 |
Concrete (400 kg/m3) | 0.19 | 850 | 400 | 10 | |
XPS polystyrene panel | 0.04 | 850 | 35 | 8 | |
Tuff | 1.7 | 850 | 2300 | 10 | |
Bricks tuff | 0.55 | 850 | 1600 | 5 |
Properties | Material | U W/m2K | Y12 W/m2K | Y22 W/m2K | Y11 W/m2K | fd | Ms Kg/m2 | ∆t h | k1 kJ/m2K | k 2 kJ/m2K | dm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall (Internal to External Side) | tuff | 0.243 | 0.019 | 0.423 | 5.841 | 0.078 | 352.8 | 14.53 | 80.43 | 5.93 | 0.38 |
brick | |||||||||||
polystyrene | |||||||||||
Ground Floor (Internal to External Side) | stoneware flooring | 0.349 | 0.016 | 3.62 | 3.982 | 0.047 | 463.5 | 19.44 | 3.982 | 3.62 | 0.365 |
concrete (1200 kg/m3) | |||||||||||
concrete (1600 kg/m3) | |||||||||||
igloo | |||||||||||
screed ordinary concrete | |||||||||||
gravel | |||||||||||
Ceiling (Internal to External Side) | hollow-core concrete | 0.314 | 0.012 | 7.39 | 4.50 | 0.039 | 803 | 17.93 | 61.8 | 101.6 | 0.580 |
concrete (400 kg/m3) | |||||||||||
xps polystyrene panel | |||||||||||
tuff | |||||||||||
bricks tuff |
Window Measures | Ug (W/m2K) | g | % Frame | Uf (W/m2K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
6/16/6 argon | 1.3 | 0.333 | 15 | 2.27 |
Descriptions | Values | Hour | |
---|---|---|---|
from | to | ||
Number of occupants | 4 | 0:00 | 24:00 |
Internal gains of occupants | 100 W | 0:00 | 24:00 |
Artificial lighting | 5 W/m2 | 8:00 | 20:00 |
Electronic equipment | 3 W/m2 | 0:00 | 24:00 |
First step | Different ground thermal conductivity evaluation (no geothermal system) | Combo 1, 2, 3 |
Second Step | Analysis of the internal ventilation for different ground thermal conductivities (no geothermal system) | Combo 1v, 2v, 3v |
Third Step | Analysis of different single pipe flow rates | Combo 2, 2v, 4, 5, 6 |
Fourth Step | Evaluation of the number of pipes | Combo 6, 7 |
Fifth Step | Study of the length of the pipe | Combo 6, 8, 9, 10 |
Sixth Step | Different ground thermal conductivity evaluation (geothermal system) | Combo 11, 12 |
Combo | Haghe | Number of the Pipes for Room | Total Number of the Pipes | Single Pipe Flow Rate (m3/h) | Total Flow Rate (m3/hr) | Pipe Length (m) | Soil Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combo 1 | no | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
Combo 2 | no | - | - | - | - | - | 2 |
Combo 3 | no | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Combo 1v | no | - | - | - | 160 | - | 1 |
Combo 2v | no | - | - | - | 160 | - | 2 |
Combo 3v | no | - | - | - | 160 | - | 3 |
Combo 4 | yes | 2 | 18 | 150 | 2700 | 50 | 2 |
Combo 5 | yes | 2 | 18 | 187.5 | 3375 | 50 | 2 |
Combo 6 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 50 | 2 |
Combo 7 | yes | 4 | 36 | 112.5 | 4050 | 25 | 2 |
Combo 8 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 40 | 2 |
Combo 9 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 30 | 2 |
Combo 10 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 20 | 2 |
Combo 11 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 50 | 1 |
Combo 12 | yes | 2 | 18 | 225 | 4050 | 50 | 3 |
Winter TOP Peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 1 | 10.67 | 10.33 | 10.42 | 10.40 | 10.24 | 10.34 | 10.80 | 9.95 | 9.98 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 16 February (7:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 18 January (8:00) | 16 February (7:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Combo 2 | 10.50 | 10.17 | 10.24 | 10.23 | 10.07 | 10.18 | 10.61 | 9.81 | 9.82 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 18 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Combo 3 | 10.42 | 10.10 | 10.17 | 10.15 | 9.99 | 10.11 | 10.52 | 9.73 | 9.75 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 18 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Summer TOP Peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 1 | 34.56 | 34.35 | 35.00 | 34.53 | 33.56 | 34.52 | 34.16 | 33.70 | 33.48 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00)) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | |
Combo 2 | 34.69 | 34.47 | 35.16 | 34.69 | 33.72 | 34.61 | 34.34 | 33.85 | 33.63 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | |
Combo 3 | 34.75 | 34.52 | 35.23 | 34.76 | 33.80 | 34.66 | 34.42 | 33.92 | 33.70 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) |
Winter TOP Peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 1v | 10.07 | 9.79 | 9.84 | 9.83 | 9.68 | 9.79 | 10.17 | 9.45 | 9.44 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Combo 2v | 9.92 | 9.65 | 9.69 | 9.67 | 9.53 | 9.66 | 10.01 | 9.31 | 9.30 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Combo 3v | 9.86 | 9.58 | 9.62 | 9.61 | 9.46 | 9.59 | 9.93 | 9.25 | 9.24 |
17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | 17 January (8:00) | |
Summer TOP Peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 1v | 33.65 | 33.51 | 34.13 | 33.57 | 32.69 | 33.68 | 33.18 | 32.89 | 32.66 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | |
Combo 2v | 33.76 | 33.61 | 34.27 | 33.71 | 32.83 | 33.77 | 33.33 | 33.02 | 32.79 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | |
Combo 3v | 33.80 | 33.66 | 34.34 | 33.77 | 32.90 | 33.80 | 33.40 | 33.08 | 32.85 |
21 August (14:00) | 21 August (14:00) | 29 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) | 31 July (18:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 31 July (20:00) | 31 July (17:00) | 30 July (10:00) |
Yearly Hours | Daily Hours | T ext (°C) | UR ext | T out Combo 4 | UR out Combo 4 | T out Combo 6 | UR out Combo 6 | Yearly Hours | Daily Hours | T ext (°C) | UR ext | T out Combo 4 | UR out Combo 4 | T out Combo 6 | UR out Combo 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4976 | 8 | 24.15 | 0.90 | 22.69 | 0.98 | 22.75 | 0.98 | 5072 | 8 | 25.25 | 0.80 | 23.37 | 0.89 | 23.45 | 0.88 |
4977 | 9 | 25.1 | 0.80 | 22.97 | 0.89 | 23.05 | 0.89 | 5073 | 9 | 26.35 | 0.60 | 23.68 | 0.67 | 23.79 | 0.67 |
4978 | 10 | 26.15 | 0.80 | 23.27 | 0.96 | 23.39 | 0.89 | 5074 | 10 | 27.35 | 0.60 | 23.97 | 0.73 | 24.11 | 0.60 |
4979 | 11 | 27.2 | 0.90 | 23.57 | 1.00 | 23.72 | 1.00 | 5075 | 11 | 28.2 | 0.60 | 24.22 | 0.76 | 24.38 | 0.75 |
498 | 12 | 28.05 | 0.80 | 23.82 | 1.00 | 23.99 | 1.00 | 5076 | 12 | 28.95 | 0.60 | 24.43 | 0.78 | 24.62 | 0.77 |
4981 | 13 | 28.65 | 0.70 | 23.99 | 0.92 | 24.18 | 0.89 | 5077 | 13 | 29.55 | 0.50 | 24.61 | 0.66 | 24.81 | 0.66 |
4982 | 14 | 29 | 0.70 | 24.09 | 0.92 | 24.30 | 0.92 | 5078 | 14 | 30 | 0.50 | 24.74 | 0.66 | 24.96 | 0.66 |
4983 | 15 | 29.15 | 0.60 | 24.14 | 0.79 | 24.35 | 0.78 | 5079 | 15 | 30.3 | 0.60 | 24.83 | 0.79 | 25.05 | 0.79 |
4984 | 16 | 29.15 | 0.70 | 24.15 | 0.92 | 24.35 | 0.92 | 508 | 16 | 30.3 | 0.60 | 24.83 | 0.79 | 25.06 | 0.79 |
4985 | 17 | 28.95 | 0.80 | 24.09 | 1.00 | 24.29 | 1.00 | 5081 | 17 | 30.05 | 0.70 | 24.77 | 0.92 | 24.98 | 0.90 |
4986 | 18 | 28.45 | 0.80 | 23.96 | 1.00 | 24.14 | 1.00 | 5082 | 18 | 29.6 | 0.70 | 24.64 | 0.92 | 24.85 | 0.92 |
4987 | 19 | 27.65 | 1.00 | 23.73 | 1.00 | 23.89 | 1.00 | 5083 | 19 | 28.9 | 0.80 | 24.45 | 1.00 | 24.63 | 1.00 |
4988 | 20 | 26.9 | 1.00 | 23.52 | 1.00 | 23.66 | 1.00 | 5084 | 20 | 28.05 | 0.90 | 24.21 | 1.00 | 24.37 | 1.00 |
5 | 8 | 24.65 | 0.70 | 22.93 | 0.78 | 23.00 | 0.77 | 5096 | 8 | 22.6 | 0.60 | 22.70 | 0.60 | 22.70 | 0.60 |
5001 | 9 | 25.95 | 0.60 | 23.30 | 0.67 | 23.41 | 0.67 | 5097 | 9 | 23.6 | 0.50 | 22.99 | 0.50 | 23.02 | 0.50 |
5002 | 10 | 27.15 | 0.60 | 23.64 | 0.74 | 23.79 | 0.73 | 5098 | 10 | 24.65 | 0.50 | 23.29 | 0.50 | 23.35 | 0.50 |
5003 | 11 | 28.2 | 0.60 | 23.95 | 0.77 | 24.12 | 0.76 | 5099 | 11 | 25.5 | 0.50 | 23.54 | 0.56 | 23.62 | 0.50 |
5004 | 12 | 29.15 | 0.60 | 24.22 | 0.79 | 24.42 | 0.79 | 51 | 12 | 26.3 | 0.50 | 23.77 | 0.56 | 23.87 | 0.56 |
5005 | 13 | 29.9 | 0.50 | 24.44 | 0.66 | 24.66 | 0.66 | 5101 | 13 | 27 | 0.50 | 23.97 | 0.56 | 24.10 | 0.56 |
5006 | 14 | 30.35 | 0.50 | 24.57 | 0.66 | 24.81 | 0.66 | 5102 | 14 | 27.5 | 0.60 | 24.12 | 0.73 | 24.26 | 0.73 |
5007 | 15 | 30.55 | 0.60 | 24.63 | 0.85 | 24.87 | 0.79 | 5103 | 15 | 27.8 | 0.60 | 24.21 | 0.74 | 24.35 | 0.73 |
5008 | 16 | 30.5 | 0.70 | 24.62 | 0.99 | 24.86 | 0.97 | 5104 | 16 | 27.8 | 0.60 | 24.21 | 0.74 | 24.36 | 0.73 |
5009 | 17 | 30.1 | 0.60 | 24.51 | 0.79 | 24.74 | 0.79 | 5105 | 17 | 27.5 | 0.60 | 24.13 | 0.67 | 24.27 | 0.67 |
501 | 18 | 29.4 | 0.70 | 24.32 | 0.92 | 24.53 | 0.92 | 5106 | 18 | 26.95 | 0.80 | 23.98 | 0.95 | 24.10 | 0.95 |
5011 | 19 | 28.5 | 0.80 | 24.07 | 1.00 | 24.25 | 1.00 | 5107 | 19 | 26.2 | 0.90 | 23.77 | 1.00 | 23.87 | 1.00 |
5012 | 20 | 27.7 | 0.80 | 23.84 | 1.00 | 24.00 | 1.00 | 5108 | 20 | 25.4 | 1.00 | 23.55 | 1.00 | 23.62 | 1.00 |
5024 | 8 | 25.4 | 0.70 | 23.23 | 0.78 | 23.32 | 0.78 | 512 | 8 | 21.75 | 0.40 | 22.55 | 0.40 | 22.52 | 0.40 |
5025 | 9 | 26.75 | 0.70 | 23.62 | 0.84 | 23.75 | 0.78 | 5121 | 9 | 23.1 | 0.40 | 22.93 | 0.40 | 22.94 | 0.40 |
5026 | 10 | 28 | 0.70 | 23.98 | 0.89 | 24.14 | 0.88 | 5122 | 10 | 24.35 | 0.50 | 23.29 | 0.50 | 23.34 | 0.50 |
5027 | 11 | 29.1 | 0.80 | 24.29 | 1.00 | 24.49 | 1.00 | 5123 | 11 | 25.5 | 0.50 | 23.62 | 0.51 | 23.70 | 0.56 |
5028 | 12 | 30 | 0.80 | 24.55 | 1.00 | 24.78 | 1.00 | 5124 | 12 | 26.5 | 0.50 | 23.91 | 0.56 | 24.02 | 0.56 |
5029 | 13 | 30.7 | 0.80 | 24.76 | 1.00 | 25 | 1.00 | 5125 | 13 | 27.25 | 0.40 | 24.13 | 0.44 | 24.26 | 0.44 |
503 | 14 | 31.15 | 0.70 | 24.89 | 1.00 | 25.14 | 0.99 | 5126 | 14 | 27.75 | 0.40 | 24.27 | 0.44 | 24.42 | 0.44 |
5031 | 15 | 31.4 | 0.60 | 24.96 | 0.87 | 25.23 | 0.84 | 5127 | 15 | 27.95 | 0.40 | 24.34 | 0.44 | 24.48 | 0.44 |
5032 | 16 | 31.4 | 0.70 | 24.97 | 1.00 | 25.23 | 0.98 | 5128 | 16 | 27.9 | 0.40 | 24.33 | 0.44 | 24.47 | 0.44 |
5033 | 17 | 31.1 | 0.70 | 24.89 | 1.00 | 25.14 | 0.99 | 5129 | 17 | 27.5 | 0.30 | 24.22 | 0.33 | 24.35 | 0.33 |
5034 | 18 | 30.45 | 0.80 | 24.71 | 1.00 | 24.94 | 1.00 | 513 | 18 | 26.75 | 0.40 | 24.01 | 0.44 | 24.12 | 0.44 |
5035 | 19 | 29.5 | 0.90 | 24.44 | 1.00 | 24.65 | 1.00 | 5131 | 19 | 25.8 | 0.50 | 23.74 | 0.56 | 23.83 | 0.50 |
5036 | 20 | 28.6 | 0.90 | 24.19 | 1.00 | 24.37 | 1.00 | 5132 | 20 | 24.9 | 0.60 | 23.49 | 0.60 | 23.55 | 0.60 |
5048 | 8 | 23.5 | 0.70 | 22.78 | 0.70 | 22.81 | 0.70 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5049 | 9 | 24.85 | 0.60 | 23.17 | 0.66 | 23.24 | 0.61 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
505 | 10 | 26 | 0.60 | 23.50 | 0.67 | 23.60 | 0.67 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5051 | 11 | 26.95 | 0.60 | 23.77 | 0.72 | 23.90 | 0.67 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5052 | 12 | 27.8 | 0.70 | 24.02 | 0.88 | 24.17 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5053 | 13 | 28.45 | 0.60 | 24.21 | 0.77 | 24.38 | 0.76 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5054 | 14 | 28.85 | 0.80 | 24.33 | 1.00 | 24.51 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5055 | 15 | 29.05 | 0.80 | 24.39 | 1.00 | 24.58 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5056 | 16 | 29 | 0.70 | 24.38 | 0.92 | 24.57 | 0.91 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5057 | 17 | 28.65 | 0.60 | 24.28 | 0.78 | 24.46 | 0.77 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5058 | 18 | 28 | 0.70 | 24.10 | 0.88 | 24.26 | 0.87 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
5059 | 19 | 27.1 | 0.80 | 23.85 | 0.97 | 23.98 | 0.96 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
506 | 20 | 26.35 | 0.90 | 23.64 | 1.00 | 23.75 | 1.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Winter TOP peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 6 | 9.10 | 9.10 | 8.72 | 9.05 | 8.56 | 8.95 | 8.91 | 8.44 | 8.43 |
16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February 16 (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 15 February (8:00) | |
Combo 7 | 9.05 | 9.05 | 8.67 | 9.00 | 8.51 | 8.90 | 8.86 | 8.39 | 8.20 |
16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 16 February (8:00) | 15 February (8:00) | 14 February (8:00) | |
Summer TOP peaks (°C) | |||||||||
Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
Combo 6 | 29.71 | 29.81 | 29.97 | 29.65 | 29.34 | 29.93 | 29.54 | 29.37 | 29.36 |
31 August (14:00) | 31 August (14:00) | 31 August (17:00) | September 1 (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) | |
Combo 7 | 30.14 | 30.23 | 30.54 | 30.17 | 29.79 | 30.38 | 30.04 | 29.80 | 29.78 |
31 August (14:00) | 31 August (14:00) | 18 August (17:00) | 23 July (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 31 August (16:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) | 20 August (7:00) |
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Share and Cite
Baglivo, C.; D’Agostino, D.; Congedo, P.M. Design of a Ventilation System Coupled with a Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) for a Residential Building in a Warm Climate. Energies 2018, 11, 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082122
Baglivo C, D’Agostino D, Congedo PM. Design of a Ventilation System Coupled with a Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) for a Residential Building in a Warm Climate. Energies. 2018; 11(8):2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082122
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaglivo, Cristina, Delia D’Agostino, and Paolo Maria Congedo. 2018. "Design of a Ventilation System Coupled with a Horizontal Air-Ground Heat Exchanger (HAGHE) for a Residential Building in a Warm Climate" Energies 11, no. 8: 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11082122