Association between Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Nutritional Status among the Women of Child Bearing Age: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Selection of Cases and Controls
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Outcome Definition
2.5. Exposure Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestsWe declare that we have no conflict of interest.
References
- Smith, AH; Lingas, EO; Rahman, M. Contamination of drinking-water by arsenic in Bangladesh: A public health emergency. Bull. World Health Organ 2000, 78, 1093–1103. [Google Scholar]
- Kinniburgh, DG; Smedley, PLE. Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Bangladesh; British Geological Survey (BGS), Department for International Development (DFID), Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE): Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2001; p. 2. [Google Scholar]
- IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans: Some Metals and Metallic Compounds; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): Lyon, France, 1980; pp. 39–141.
- Arsenic in Drinking Water; National Research Council: Washington, DC, USA, 1999.
- Arsenic in Drinking Water 2001 Update; National Research Council: Washington, DC, USA, 2001.
- Milton, AH; Hasan, Z; Rahman, A; Rahman, M. Chronic arsenic poisoning and respiratory effects in Bangladesh. J. Occup. Health 2001, 43, 136–140. [Google Scholar]
- Milton, AH; Rahman, M. Environmental pollution and skin involvement patern of chronic arsenicosis in Bangaldesh. J. Occup. Health 1999, 41, 207–208. [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, M; Tondel, M; Ahmad, SA; Axelson, O. Diabetes mellitus associated with arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Am. J. Epidemiol 1998, 148, 198–203. [Google Scholar]
- Rahman, M; Tondel, M; Ahmad, SA; Chowdhury, IA; Faruquee, MH; Axelson, O. Hypertension and arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Hypertension 1999, 33, 74–78. [Google Scholar]
- Mazumder, DN; Haque, R; Ghosh, N; De, BK; Santra, A; Chakraborti, D; Smith, AH. Arsenic in drinking water and the prevalence of respiratory effects in West Bengal, India. Int. J. Epidemiol 2000, 29, 1047–1052. [Google Scholar]
- Ahmad, SA; Sayed, MH; Barua, S; Khan, MH; Faruquee, MH; Jalil, A; Hadi, SA; Talukder, HK. Arsenic in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes. Environ. Health. Perspect 2001, 109, 629–631. [Google Scholar]
- Hopenhayn-Rich, C; Browning, SR; Hertz-Picciotto, I; Ferreccio, C; Peralta, C; Gibb, H. Chronic arsenic exposure and risk of infant mortality in two areas of Chile. Environ. Health Perspect 2000, 108, 667–673. [Google Scholar]
- Nordstrom, S; Beckman, L; Nordenson, I. Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden. III. Frequencies of spontaneous abortion. Hereditas 1978, 88, 51–54. [Google Scholar]
- Borzsonyi, M; Bereczky, A; Rudnai, P; Csanady, M; Horvath, A. Epidemiological studies on human subjects exposed to arsenic in drinking water in southeast Hungary. Arch. Toxicol 1992, 66, 77–78. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, CY; Chang, CC; Tsai, SS; Chuang, HY; Ho, CK; Wu, TN. Arsenic in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcome in an arseniasis-endemic area in northeastern Taiwan. Environ. Res 2003, 91, 29–34. [Google Scholar]
- Milton, AH; Smith, W; Rahman, B; Hasan, Z; Kulsum, U; Dear, K; Rakibuddin, M; Ali, A. Chronic arsenic exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes in bangladesh. Epidemiology 2005, 16, 82–86. [Google Scholar]
- Buchet, JP; Lauwerys, R. Evaluation of Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in man. In Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals in Biological Fluids; Facchetti, S, Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 1983; pp. 75–90. [Google Scholar]
- Kitchin, KT. Recent advances in arsenic carcinogenesis: Modes of action, animal model systems, and methylated arsenic metabolites. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 2001, 172, 249–261. [Google Scholar]
- Cullen, WR; Reimer, KJ. Arsenic speciation in the environment. Chem. Rev 1989, 89, 713–764. [Google Scholar]
- Borgono, JM; Vicent, P; Venturino, H; Infante, A. Arsenic in the drinking water of the city of Antofagasta: Epidemiological and clinical study before and after the installation of a treatment plant. Environ. Health Perspect 1977, 19, 103–105. [Google Scholar]
- Hsueh, YM; Cheng, GS; Wu, MM; Yu, HS; Kuo, TL; Chen, CJ. Multiple risk factors associated with arsenic-induced skin cancer: effects of chronic liver disease and malnutritional status. Br. J. Cancer 1995, 71, 109–114. [Google Scholar]
- Mazumder, DN; Haque, R; Ghosh, N; De, BK; Santra, A; Chakraborty, D; Smith, AH. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. Int. J. Epidemiol 1998, 27, 871–877. [Google Scholar]
- Tseng, WP. Effects and dose-response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environ. Health. Perspect 1977, 19, 109–119. [Google Scholar]
- Zaldivar, R. Ecological investigations on arsenic dietary intake and endemic chronic poisoning in man: Dose-response curve. Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig B] 1977, 164, 481–484. [Google Scholar]
- Vahter, M; Marafante, E. Effects of low dietary intake of methionine, choline or proteins on the biotransformation of arsenite in the rabbit. Toxicol. Lett 1987, 37, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
- Tice, RR; Yager, JW; Andrews, P; Crecelius, E. Effect of hepatic methyl donor status on urinary excretion and DNA damage in B6C3F1 mice treated with sodium arsenite. Mutat. Res 1997, 386, 315–334. [Google Scholar]
- Milton, AH; Hasan, Z; Shahidullah, SM; Sharmin, S; Jakariya, MD; Rahman, M; Dear, K; Smith, W. Association between nutritional status and arsenicosis due to chronic arsenic exposure in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Health Res 2004, 14, 99–108. [Google Scholar]
- Heck, JE; Nieves, JW; Chen, Y; Parvez, F; Brandt-Rauf, PW; Graziano, JH; Slavkovich, V; Howe, GR; Ahsan, H. Dietary intake of methionine, cysteine, and protein and urinary arsenic excretion in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect 2009, 117, 99–104. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, AH; Arroyo, AP; Mazumder, DN; Kosnett, MJ; Hernandez, AL; Beeris, M; Smith, MM; Moore, LE. Arsenic-induced skin lesions among Atacameno people in Northern Chile despite good nutrition and centuries of exposure. Environ. Health Perspect 2000, 108, 617–620. [Google Scholar]
- Hally, SS. Nutrition in reproductive health. J. Nurse Midwifery 1998, 43, 459–470. [Google Scholar]
- Khan, S. Importance of nutrition for female population of reproductive age. J. Pak. Med. Assoc 1983, 33, 264–265. [Google Scholar]
- Bloomfield, FH; Oliver, MH; Hawkins, P; Holloway, AC; Campbell, M; Gluckman, PD; Harding, JE; Challis, JR. Periconceptional undernutrition in sheep accelerates maturation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in late gestation. Endocrinology 2004, 145, 4278–4285. [Google Scholar]
- Fleming, TP; Kwong, WY; Porter, R; Ursell, E; Fesenko, I; Wilkins, A; Miller, DJ; Watkins, AJ; Eckert, JJ. The embryo and its future. Biol. Reprod 2004, 71, 1046–1054. [Google Scholar]
- Kwong, WY; Wild, AE; Roberts, P; Willis, AC; Fleming, TP. Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000, 127, 4195–4202. [Google Scholar]
- Milton, AH; Smith, W; Rahman, B; Ahmed, B; Shahidullah, SM; Hossain, Z; Hasan, Z; Sharmin, S. Prevalence and determinants of malnutrition among reproductive aged women of rural Bangladesh. Asia Pac. J. Public Health 2010, 22, 110–117. [Google Scholar]
- Jelliffe, DB. The Assessment of Nutritional Status of the Community; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 1966. [Google Scholar]
- Shetty, PS. Body Mass Index, a Measurement of Chronic Energy Deficiency in Adults; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed; Eaton, AD; Clesceri, LS; Greenberg, AE (Eds.) American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation: Washington, DC, USA, 1995.
- Chen, CJ; Wu, MM; Lee, SS; Wang, JD; Cheng, SH; Wu, HY. Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water. Multiple risk factors and related malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease. Arteriosclerosis 1988, 8, 452–460. [Google Scholar]
- Hsueh, YM; Chiou, HY; Huang, YL; Wu, WL; Huang, CC; Yang, MH; Lue, LC; Chen, GS; Chen, CJ. Serum beta-carotene level, arsenic methylation capability, and incidence of skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev 1997, 6, 589–596. [Google Scholar]
- Hsueh, YM; Huang, YL; Huang, CC; Wu, WL; Chen, HM; Yang, MH; Lue, LC; Chen, CJ. Urinary levels of inorganic and organic arsenic metabolites among residents in an arseniasis-hyperendemic area in Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 1998, 54, 431–444. [Google Scholar]
- Kenyon, EM; Hughes, MF; Levander, OA. Influence of dietary selenium on the disposition of arsenate in the female B6C3F1 mouse. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997, 51, 279–299. [Google Scholar]
- Biswas, S; Talukder, G; Sharma, A. Prevention of cytotoxic effects of arsenic by short-term dietary supplementation with selenium in mice in vivo. Mutat. Res 1999, 441, 155–160. [Google Scholar]
- Newman, PE. Can reduced folic acid and vitamin B12 levels cause deficient DNA methylation producing mutations which initiate atherosclerosis? Med. Hypotheses 1999, 53, 421–424. [Google Scholar]
- Ruan, Y; Peterson, MH; Wauson, EM; Waes, JG; Finnell, RH; Vorce, RL. Folic acid protects SWV/Fnn embryo fibroblasts against arsenic toxicity. Toxicol. Lett 2000, 117, 129–137. [Google Scholar]
- Nemec, MD; Holson, JF; Farr, CH; Hood, RD. Developmental toxicity assessment of arsenic acid in mice and rabbits. Reprod. Toxicol 1998, 12, 647–658. [Google Scholar]
- Concha, G; Vogler, G; Lezcano, D; Nermell, B; Vahter, M. Exposure to inorganic arsenic metabolites during early human development. Toxicol. Sci 1998, 44, 185–190. [Google Scholar]
- Daston, GP. Relationship between Maternal and Developmental Toxicity. In Developmental Toxicology, 2nd ed; Kimmel, CA, Bulke-Sam, J, Eds.; Raven Press: New York, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Golub, MS. Maternal toxicity and the identification of inorganic arsenic as a developmental toxicant. Reprod. Toxicol 1994, 8, 283–295. [Google Scholar]
- Khongsdier, EM. Body mass index of adult males in 12 populations of northeast india. Ann. Hum. Biol 2001, 28, 374–383. [Google Scholar]
Variable | Cases (n = 348) | Controls (n = 360) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years); mean ± sd | 29.9 ± 7.8 | 30.4 ± 8.1 | 0.32 |
Occupation Housewife Others | 94.8 5.2 | 92.5 7.5 | 0.23 |
Educational status No formal education Primary Secondary or above | 24.7 43.1 32.2 | 23.2 47.2 29.6 | 0.16 |
Roof type Tin Others | 94.5 5.5 | 94.7 5.3 | 0.27 |
Total monthly household income (US $); mean ± sd | 47.3 ± 37.7 | 55.1 ± 46.5 | 0.02 |
Religion Muslim Others | 74.7 25.3 | 68.3 31.7 | 0.06 |
Age at menstruation (years); mean ±_sd | 12.6 ± 0.79 | 12.6 ± 0.79 | 0.46 |
Duration of menstruation (days); mean ±_sd | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 0.58 |
Age at marriage (years); mean ± sd | 16.1 ± 2.2 | 16.1 ± 1.8 | 0.92 |
Total number of pregnancy/woman; mean ± sd | 3.6 ± 2.4 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 0.92 |
Arsenic concentration (μg/L); 0–50 >50–100 >100 | 24.1 15.6 60.3 | 36.4 14.7 48.9 | <0.01 |
Duration of arsenic exposure (years); mean ± sd | 7.8 ± 7.1 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 0.78 |
Height (metres); mean ± sd | 1.51 ± 0.05 | 1.51 ± 0.05 | 0.13 |
Weight (kilogram); mean ± sd | 39.5 ± 3.4 | 47.9 ± 5.7 | <0.01 |
Body Mass Index (BMI); mean ± sd | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 20.9 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
Arsenic concentration (μg/L) | Cases (n = 348) (BMI < 18.5) | Controls (n = 360) (BMI > 18.5) | Odds ratio (OR) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
≤50 † | 84 | 131 | 1.0 | - |
>50 | 264 | 229 | 1.9 | 1.1–3.6 |
>50–100 ‡ | 54 | 53 | 1.9 | 0.8–4.3 |
>100 | 210 | 176 | 2 | 1.1–3.6 |
Duration of As exposure | As (in μg/L) | Cases* (n = 342) (BMI < 18.5) | Controls (n = 360) (BMI > 18.5) | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any duration † | 50 | 78 | 131 | 1 | - |
≤10 years | >50–100 | 44 | 38 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.5 |
>100 | 156 | 132 | 2.2 | 1.1–4.3 | |
>10 years | >50–100 | 10 | 15 | 1.9 | 0.7–5.2 |
>100 | 54 | 44 | 1.7 | 0.8–3.3 |
© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Milton, A.H.; Shahidullah, S.M.; Smith, W.; Hossain, K.S.; Hasan, Z.; Ahmed, K.T. Association between Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Nutritional Status among the Women of Child Bearing Age: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 2811-2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7072811
Milton AH, Shahidullah SM, Smith W, Hossain KS, Hasan Z, Ahmed KT. Association between Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Nutritional Status among the Women of Child Bearing Age: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010; 7(7):2811-2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7072811
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilton, Abul H., S. M. Shahidullah, Wayne Smith, Kazi S. Hossain, Ziaul Hasan, and Kazi T. Ahmed. 2010. "Association between Chronic Arsenic Exposure and Nutritional Status among the Women of Child Bearing Age: A Case-Control Study in Bangladesh" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 7: 2811-2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7072811