Psychometric Evaluation of a Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form (CSI-SF) in the Jackson Heart Study Cohort
Abstract
:Introduction
Methods
Statistical Analysis
Results
Conclusion
Category | Respondents | Non Respondents | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Gender | |||||
Female | 2807 | 65.1 | 586 | 59.4 | .0008 |
Male | 1508 | 34.9 | 401 | 40.6 | |
Education | |||||
Less than High School | 709 | 16.4 | 264 | 26.7 | .0001 |
High School/GED/Some College | 1804 | 41.8 | 424 | 43.0 | |
College/Associate Degree or Higher | 1788 | 41.4 | 293 | 29.7 | |
No Response | 14 | 0.4 | 6 | 0.6 | |
Income | |||||
Low | 533 | 12.4 | 169 | 17.1 | .0001 |
Medium | 906 | 21.0 | 225 | 22.8 | |
High | 1112 | 25.8 | 206 | 20.9 | |
Affluent | 1120 | 25.9 | 201 | 20.4 | |
No Response | 644 | 14.9 | 186 | 18.8 |
Scale | Mean | SD | Median | Range | Internal Consistency Reliability |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFE | 15.09102 | 2.63961 | 15.0000 | 4–20 | 0.67 |
PFD | 11.57924 | 2.98357 | 12.0000 | 4–20 | 0.60 |
EFE | 13.06231 | 2.90092 | 13.0000 | 4–20 | 0.72 |
EFD | 11.41843 | 2.64538 | 11.0000 | 4–20 | 0.58 |
E | 28.16370 | 4.56045 | 28.0000 | 8–40 | 0.70 |
D | 22.97040 | 4.43641 | 23.0000 | 9–40 | 0.59 |
Scales | Correlation coefficient | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFE | PFD | EFE | EFD | E | D | |
PFE | 1.00 | −0.09 | 0.36* | −0.14* | 0.80* | −0.15* |
PFD | −0.19* | 1.00 | 0.05 | 0.19* | −0.02 | 0.85* |
EFE | 0.36* | 0.05 | 1.00 | −0.07 | 0.84* | 0.00 |
EFD | −0.14* | 0.19* | −0.07 | 1.00 | −0.13* | 0.69* |
E | 0.80* | −0.02 | 0.84* | −0.13 | 1.00 | −0.09 |
D | −0.15 | 0.85* | 0.00 | 0.69* | −0.19* | 1.00 |
Survey Items | Mean | SD | Factor* | Loadings |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. I make a plan of action and follow it | 3.65653 | 0.94486 | 2 | 0.92 |
2. I look for the silver lining or try to look on the bright side of things | 4.09182 | 0.87564 | 2 | 1.00 |
3. I try to spend time alone | 3.33692 | 0.91270 | 4 | 0.88 |
4. I hope the problem will take care of itself | 2.55667 | 1.03334 | 3 | 0.93 |
5. I try to let my emotions out | 3.24203 | 0.95468 | 1 | 1.00 |
6. I try to talk about it with a friend or family | 3.55859 | 0.99147 | 1 | 0.91 |
7. I try to put the problem out of my mind | 2.97849 | 1.04488 | 3 | 1.00 |
8. I tackle the problem head on | 3.50519 | 0.96533 | 2 | 0.71 |
9. I step back from the situation and try to put things into perspective | 3.67576 | 0.90556 | 2 | 0.92 |
10. I tend to blame myself | 2.59278 | 1.00314 | 4 | −0.99 |
11. I let my feelings out to reduce the stress | 3.24357 | 0.97027 | 1 | 0.94 |
12. I hope for a miracle | 3.38110 | 1.21038 | 3 | 0.90 |
13. I ask a close friend or relative that I respect for help or advice | 3.34076 | 0.98582 | 1 | 0.92 |
14. I try not to think about the problem | 2.91010 | 0.96179 | 3 | 0.98 |
15. I tend to criticize myself | 2.59278 | 1.05723 | 4 | 1.00 |
16. I keep my thoughts and feelings to myself | 3.02190 | 0.99340 | 4 | 0.13 |
Value | Chi-Square | Prob. | |
---|---|---|---|
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) | 0.95 | ||
GFI Adjusted for Degrees of Freedom (AGFI) | 0.93 | ||
Root Mean Square Residual (RMSR) | 0.05 | 1455.9406 | <.0001 |
RMSEA Estimate (RMSEA) | 0.06 | ||
Parsimonious GFI (Mulaik, 1989) (PGFI) | 0.76 | ||
James, Mulaik & Brett (1982) Parsimonious NFI (PNFI) | 0.66 |
Acknowledgments
Reference
- Thon, T; Haase, N; Rosamond, W; Howard, VY; Rumfeield, J; Manolio, T. Heart disease and stroke statistics. Circulation 2006, 113, e85–e151. [Google Scholar]
- Pearcy, JN; Keppel, KG. A summary measure of health disparity. Public Health Report 2002, 117, 278–280. [Google Scholar]
- Association of Black Cardiologists. Update on cardiovascular disease in African American. Focus on obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Symposium Presented at ABC International Library and Research and Conference Center, Atlanta, Ga, July 25; 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Wyatt, SB; Williams, DR; Calvin, R; Henderson, FR; Walker, RR; Winters, K. Racism and cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of the Medical Science 2003, 325(6), 315–331. [Google Scholar]
- Lidfeldt, J; Samsui, G; Agardh, G. Obese women and the relation between cardiovascular risk profile and hormone therapy, glucose tolerance and psychosocial conditions. Diabetes Care 2006, 29, 2477–2482. [Google Scholar]
- Levine, J; Warrenburg, S; Kerns, R; Schwartz, G. The role of denial in recovery from coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine 1987, 49, 109–117. [Google Scholar]
- Lazarus, RS. Emotion and adaptation; London; Oxford University Press, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Folkman, S; Muskowitz, S. Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist 2000, 55, 647–654. [Google Scholar]
- Larsen, MR; Langer, AW. Defensive hostility and anger expression: Relationship to additional heart rate reactivity during active coping. Psychophysiology 1997, 34, 177–184. [Google Scholar]
- Holahan, CJ; Moos, RH; Holahan, CK; Brennan, PI. Social support, coping, and depressive symptoms in a late-middle-aged sample of patients reporting cardiac illness. Health Psycholog 1995, 14, 152–163. [Google Scholar]
- Penley, JA; Tomaka, J; Weibe, JS. The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2002, 25, 551–603. [Google Scholar]
- Goldberger, RL; Brenznitz, S. Handbook of stress; New York; The Free Press, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Ebata, AT; Moos, RH. Personal, situational and contextual correlation of coping in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence 2007, 4, 99. [Google Scholar]
- American Cancer Society. Cancer rates & figures for African-Americans 2003–2004; American Cancer Society: Atlanta, Ga, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Ghafoor, A; Jernal, A; Cokkinided, V; Cardinez, V; Murray, T; Samuals, V; Thun, MJ. Cancer statistics for African-Americans. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2007, 52, 326–341. [Google Scholar]
- Joslyn, S; West, M. Racial differences in breast carcinoma survival. Cancer 2000, 88, 114–123. [Google Scholar]
- Reynolds, P; Hurley, S; Torres, M; Jackson, J; Boyd, P; Chen, V. Use of coping strategies and breast cancer survival: Results from the Black/White Cancer Survival Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000, 152, 940–949. [Google Scholar]
- Lazarus, RS; Averill, JR; Opton, EM, Jr. The psychology of coping: Issues for research and assessment. In Basic Books; Coelho, GV, Ed.; New York: NY, 1974; pp. 249–315. [Google Scholar]
- Ashing-Giwa, K. Quality of life and psychosocial outcomes in longterm survivors of breast cancer: A focus on African-American women. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 2007, 17, 47–62. [Google Scholar]
- Tobin, DL; Holroyd, KA; Reynolds, RV; Wigul, JK. The hierarchical factor structure of the Coping Strategies Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1989, 13, 343–361. [Google Scholar]
- Suls, J; Fletcher, B. The relative efficacy of avoidant and non-avoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology 1985, 4, 249–288. [Google Scholar]
- Krohne, HW. Vigilance and cognitive avoidance as concepts in coping research. In Attention and Avoidance: Strategies in Coping and Aversivenes; Krohne, HW, Ed.; Seattle, WA; Hogrefe & Huber, 1993; pp. 19–50. [Google Scholar]
- Laux, L; Weber, H. Coping with emotions, and self-presentation; Stuttgart; Kohlhammer, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Helmers, KF; Krantz, DS; Merz, CNB; Klein, J; Gottdeiner, WJ; Rozanski, A. Defensive hostility: Relationship to multiple markers of cardiac ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Health Psycholog 2007, 14, 202–209. [Google Scholar]
- Filipp, SH; Klauer, T; Fleming, D. Self-focused attention in the face of adversity and threat. In In Attention and Avoidance; Krohne, HW, Ed.; Seattle, WA; Hogrefe & Huber, 1993; pp. 267–275. [Google Scholar]
- Moos, RH; Shaffer, JA. Coping resources and processes: Current concepts and measures. In Handbook of Stress; Goldberg, L, Bernit, S, Eds.; New York; Free Press, 1993; pp. 234–257. [Google Scholar]
- Gandek, B; Sinclair, SJ; Kosinski, M; Ware, JE, Jr. Psychometric evaluation of the SF-36 health survey in medicare managed care. Health Care Financing Review 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Fuqua, SR; Wyatt, SB; Andrew, MH; Sarpong, DF; Henderson, FR; Cunningham, MF; Taylor, HA, Jr. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: Methods, response rates, and sample description. Ethnicity & Disease 2005, 15(4), S6-18–S6-29. [Google Scholar]
- Payne, TJ; Wyatt, SB; Mosley, TH; Dubbert, PM; Guitierrez-Mohamed, ML; Calvin, R. Socio-cultural methods in the Jackson Heart Study: Conceptual and descriptive overview. Ethnicity and Disease 2005, 15, 4. [Google Scholar]
- Jackson Heart Study (JHS). JHS Manual of Operations, Manual 2, Cohort Procedures; Jackson, MS; Jackson Heart Study, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Floyd, FJ; Widaman, KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessments 1995, 7, 289–299. [Google Scholar]
- Armstrong, S; Overton, T. Estimating non-response bias in Mail Survey. Journal of Marketing Research 1977, 14, 296–402. [Google Scholar]
- Spicer, J. Making sense of multivariate data analysis; Thousand Oaks, CA; Sage Publications, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Meehl, PE. Why summaries of research on psychological theories are often uninterruptible. Psychological Reports 1996, 66, 195–244. [Google Scholar]
- Byrne, BM. A primer of LISREL; New York; Springer-Verlag, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Keyes, CLM; Simotkin, D; Ruff, CD. The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Psychology 2002, 82(6), 1007–1022. [Google Scholar]
- Stevens, J. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences, 3rd ed; Mahwah, N. J; Lawrence Erlbaum, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Cronbach, lJ; Meele, PE. Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin 1955, 52, 281–302. [Google Scholar]
- Bentler, PM. Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulleti 1990, 107, 238–246. [Google Scholar]
- Joreskog, K; Sorbom, D. LISREL 7: User’s reference guide; Mooresville, IN; Scientific Software International, Inc, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Klem, L. Structural equation modeling. In Reading and Understanding More Multivariate Statistics; Grimm, LG, Ed.; 2000; pp. 227–260. [Google Scholar]
- Henderson, PD; Fugel, J; Edwards, QT. Coping strategies among African American women with breast cancer. Southern On-line Journal of Nursing Research 2003, 4, 3. [Google Scholar]
- Rozkoszkowski, MJ; Davey, G; Grable, JE. Insights from psychology and psychometrics on measuring risk tolerance. FPA Journal 2005, 8. [Google Scholar]
© 2007 MDPI All rights reserved.
Share and Cite
Addison, C.C.; Campbell-Jenkins, B.W.; Sarpong, D.F.; Kibler, J.; Singh, M.; Dubbert, P.; Wilson, G.; Payne, T.; Taylor, H. Psychometric Evaluation of a Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form (CSI-SF) in the Jackson Heart Study Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2007, 4, 289-295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph200704040004
Addison CC, Campbell-Jenkins BW, Sarpong DF, Kibler J, Singh M, Dubbert P, Wilson G, Payne T, Taylor H. Psychometric Evaluation of a Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form (CSI-SF) in the Jackson Heart Study Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2007; 4(4):289-295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph200704040004
Chicago/Turabian StyleAddison, Clifton C., Brenda W. Campbell-Jenkins, Daniel F. Sarpong, Jeffery Kibler, Madhu Singh, Patricia Dubbert, Gregory Wilson, Thomas Payne, and Herman Taylor. 2007. "Psychometric Evaluation of a Coping Strategies Inventory Short-Form (CSI-SF) in the Jackson Heart Study Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 4, no. 4: 289-295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph200704040004