Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Brief Socio-Sanitary Context
1.1.1. Brazil
1.1.2. Chile
1.1.3. Ecuador
1.1.4. Mexico
1.1.5. Peru
1.1.6. Spain
1.2. Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health Problems
1.3. Research Question and Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Source
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Self-Perceived Health (SPH)
3.2. Mental Health: Anxiety and Depression
4. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | Original Question | Recategorization |
---|---|---|
Self-perceived health | How would you say your general health is? Excellent; very good; good; fair; bad |
|
Anxiety (GAD-7) | During the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems? |
|
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | During the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problems? |
|
Educational level | What is your highest level of completed studies? No formal education; primary education or EGB; secondary education; bachelor’s degree; technical formation; university education or higher |
|
Age | How old are you? |
|
Indigenous group membership 1 | Do you consider yourself to belong to any indigenous people? |
|
Country of origin | What is your country of birth? |
|
Pre-pandemic employment status | What was your employment status before the pandemic? Employee with contract; self-employed or independent (quoting); informal work (without contract or without contributions); jobless; housework or care of dependent persons; student; retired or pensioner |
|
Change in employment status during the pandemic | Has the confinement affected your employment situation in any way? No, it has not changed; yes, it has gotten a bit worse; yes, it has gotten much worse; yes, but it has not gotten worse or better; yes, it has improved a bit; yes, it has improved a lot |
|
Housing tenure | What is the tenure regime of your home? Owned (fully paid); owned (paying mortgage); for rent (market price); renting a room; other situation |
|
Perception of adequate housing | Do you think your home is suitable for confinement (space, temperature, light, number of rooms, etc.)? No; a little; moderately; quite a bit; very |
|
Household composition | How many people do you live with (including yourself)? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more |
|
Presence of minors in the household | How many people under the age of 18 do you live with?0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more |
|
Presence of dependents in the household | With how many people do you live in a situation of dependency? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more |
|
Household work | How is the burden of domestic work and/or care for minors and/or dependent persons in the household distributed? Equitably among all household members; I do it mostly myself; mostly done by other person(s) |
|
Concern about living with household members | To what extent are you concerned about living together with the members of your household? Not worried; a little worried; moderately worried; quite worried; very worried |
|
Concern about schooling | If you have minors in your care, how concerned are you about their school situation during the pandemic (tele-study, family organization during confinement, etc.)? Not worried at all; a little worried; moderately worried; quite worried very worried; I do not have minors in charge |
|
Brazil | Chile | Ecuador | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Self-perceived poor health | 391 | 13.4 | 1287 | 11.67 | 168 | 8.02 | 229 | 6.51 | 94 | 11.01 | 163 | 9.05 |
Anxiety | 513 | 17.59 | 1719 | 15.59 | 286 | 13.65 | 352 | 10 | 143 | 16.74 | 305 | 16.94 |
Depressive symptoms | 500 | 17.14 | 1692 | 15.35 | 294 | 14.03 | 352 | 10 | 144 | 16.86 | 306 | 16.99 |
Mexico | Peru | Spain | ||||||||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Self-perceived poor health | 243 | 9.18 | 428 | 7.45 | 36 | 10.03 | 75 | 9.8 | 9 | 0.43 | 17 | 0.33 |
Anxiety | 438 | 16.54 | 881 | 15.33 | 60 | 16.71 | 118 | 15.42 | 24 | 1.14 | 64 | 1.24 |
Depressive symptoms | 435 | 16.43 | 881 | 15.33 | 60 | 16.71 | 116 | 15.16 | 26 | 1.24 | 67 | 1.29 |
Brasil | Chile | Ecuador | México | Perú | Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n =13,943 | n = 5612 | n = 2653 | n = 8396 | n = 1122 | n =7280 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | ||||||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
Educational level | Basic or bachelor’s degree | 630 | 21.81 | 2034 | 18.63 | 311 | 15.45 | 489 | 14.39 | 88 | 11 | 222 | 12.96 | 135 | 5.11 | 241 | 4.22 | 42 | 12.39 | 117 | 16.18 | 439 | 20.96 | 891 | 17.25 |
Technical studies | 235 | 8.13 | 621 | 5.69 | 322 | 16 | 523 | 15.39 | 30 | 3.75 | 61 | 3.56 | 614 | 23.23 | 1582 | 27.7 | 48 | 14.16 | 120 | 16.6 | 226 | 10.79 | 544 | 10.53 | |
University studies | 2024 | 70.06 | 8264 | 75.68 | 1380 | 68.55 | 2387 | 70.23 | 682 | 85.25 | 1430 | 83.48 | 1894 | 71.66 | 3888 | 68.08 | 249 | 73.45 | 486 | 67.22 | 1429 | 68.24 | 3730 | 72.22 | |
Age | 18–34 | 941 | 32.3 | 3045 | 27.66 | 589 | 28.11 | 114 | 31.67 | 356 | 41.74 | 993 | 55.17 | 1183 | 44.68 | 2764 | 48.09 | 141 | 39.28 | 386 | 50.59 | 494 | 23.51 | 1398 | 26.99 |
35–64 | 1674 | 57.47 | 7011 | 63.68 | 1363 | 65.06 | 2190 | 62.27 | 468 | 54.87 | 785 | 43.61 | 1334 | 50.38 | 2800 | 48.71 | 202 | 56.27 | 352 | 46.13 | 1345 | 64.02 | 3430 | 66.23 | |
≥65 | 298 | 10.23 | 954 | 8.66 | 143 | 6.83 | 213 | 6.06 | 29 | 3.4 | 22 | 1.22 | 131 | 4.95 | 184 | 3.2 | 16 | 4.46 | 25 | 3.28 | 262 | 12.47 | 351 | 6.78 | |
Indigenous group membership 1 | No | 1918 | 66.14 | 7498 | 68.51 | 1868 | 89.25 | 3180 | 90.44 | 770 | 90.27 | 1670 | 93.04 | 2369 | 89.46 | 5173 | 90 | 299 | 83.29 | 654 | 85.83 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Yes | 982 | 33.86 | 3447 | 31.49 | 225 | 10.75 | 336 | 9.56 | 83 | 9.73 | 125 | 6.96 | 279 | 10.54 | 575 | 10 | 60 | 16.71 | 108 | 14.17 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Country of origin | Born in the country of study | 2847 | 97.6 | 10829 | 98.21 | 1923 | 91.79 | 3244 | 92.24 | 809 | 94.84 | 1734 | 96.33 | 2592 | 97.89 | 5653 | 98.35 | 347 | 96.66 | 736 | 96.46 | 1908 | 90.81 | 4697 | 90.69 |
Migrant | 70 | 2.4 | 197 | 1.79 | 172 | 8.21 | 273 | 7.76 | 44 | 5.16 | 66 | 3.67 | 56 | 2.11 | 95 | 1.65 | 12 | 3.34 | 27 | 3.54 | 193 | 9.19 | 482 | 9.31 | |
Pre-pandemic employment status. | Employed | 1579 | 66.46 | 5015 | 56.86 | 1704 | 88.06 | 2579 | 78.77 | 659 | 82.27 | 1267 | 73.79 | 1859 | 70.2 | 3605 | 62.72 | 282 | 83.19 | 496 | 68.89 | 1506 | 71.85 | 3639 | 70.4 |
Unemployed | 797 | 33.54 | 3805 | 43.14 | 231 | 11.94 | 695 | 21.23 | 142 | 17.73 | 450 | 26.21 | 789 | 29.8 | 2143 | 37.28 | 57 | 16.81 | 224 | 31.11 | 590 | 28.15 | 1530 | 29.6 | |
Change in employment status during the pandemic | No change/improvement in employment condition | 1258 | 47.67 | 4978 | 49.74 | 827 | 41.47 | 1495 | 44.34 | 239 | 30.21 | 474 | 28.23 | 1235 | 49.62 | 2611 | 47.75 | 152 | 48.25 | 290 | 47.08 | 1250 | 59.64 | 3062 | 59.27 |
Worsening in employment condition | 1381 | 52.33 | 5031 | 50.26 | 1167 | 58.53 | 1877 | 55.66 | 552 | 69.79 | 1205 | 71.77 | 1254 | 50.38 | 2857 | 52.25 | 163 | 51.75 | 326 | 52.92 | 846 | 40.36 | 2104 | 40.73 | |
Housing tenure | Own home | 1742 | 67.34 | 6932 | 68.65 | 1146 | 58.11 | 1931 | 57.71 | 500 | 64.18 | 1080 | 64.98 | 1569 | 63.04 | 3363 | 61.5 | 198 | 59.1 | 428 | 61.21 | 1436 | 69.61 | 3647 | 71.76 |
Lease or rent | 701 | 21.1 | 2355 | 23.66 | 633 | 32.1 | 1030 | 30.78 | 221 | 28.37 | 440 | 26.47 | 610 | 24.51 | 1186 | 21.69 | 100 | 29.85 | 183 | 26.18 | 544 | 26.37 | 1268 | 24.95 | |
Living in someone else’s home | 144 | 5.57 | 666 | 6.69 | 139 | 9.79 | 385 | 11.51 | 58 | 7.45 | 142 | 8.54 | 310 | 12.45 | 919 | 16.81 | 37 | 11.04 | 88 | 12.59 | 83 | 4.02 | 167 | 3.29 | |
Perception of adequate housing | Suitable for confinement | 2117 | 81.74 | 8153 | 81.82 | 1673 | 84.88 | 2935 | 87.69 | 678 | 86.81 | 1438 | 86.42 | 1977 | 79.43 | 4222 | 77.21 | 275 | 81.85 | 531 | 75.75 | 1884 | 89.89 | 4655 | 90.04 |
Not suitable for confinement | 473 | 18.26 | 1812 | 18.18 | 298 | 15.12 | 412 | 12.31 | 103 | 13.19 | 226 | 13.58 | 512 | 20.57 | 1246 | 22.79 | 61 | 18.15 | 170 | 24.25 | 212 | 10.11 | 515 | 9.96 | |
Household composition | Living alone | 493 | 18.98 | 1738 | 17.4 | 247 | 12.51 | 378 | 11.27 | 92 | 11.78 | 144 | 8.63 | 289 | 11.61 | 498 | 9.11 | 29 | 8.63 | 47 | 6.7 | 404 | 19.33 | 913 | 17.71 |
Living with other people | 2104 | 81.02 | 8252 | 82.6 | 1728 | 87.49 | 2976 | 88.73 | 689 | 88.22 | 1524 | 91.37 | 2200 | 88.39 | 4970 | 90.89 | 307 | 91.37 | 655 | 93.3 | 1686 | 80.67 | 4243 | 82.29 | |
Presence of minors in the household. | No | 1751 | 67.82 | 6204 | 62.46 | 1103 | 56.36 | 1836 | 55.14 | 387 | 50.13 | 795 | 47.86 | 1325 | 53.8 | 2627 | 48.38 | 139 | 41.99 | 261 | 37.29 | 1459 | 70.04 | 3303 | 64.32 |
Yes | 831 | 32.18 | 3729 | 37.54 | 854 | 43.64 | 1494 | 44.86 | 385 | 49.87 | 866 | 52.14 | 1138 | 46.2 | 2803 | 51.62 | 192 | 58.01 | 439 | 62.71 | 624 | 29.96 | 1832 | 35.68 | |
Presence of dependents in the household | No | 1103 | 42.95 | 4283 | 43.24 | 1266 | 64.79 | 1987 | 59.78 | 451 | 58.42 | 803 | 48.58 | 1543 | 62.65 | 2819 | 51.92 | 159 | 48.04 | 303 | 43.41 | 1824 | 87.9 | 4347 | 84.79 |
Yes | 1465 | 57.05 | 5622 | 56.76 | 688 | 35.21 | 1337 | 40.22 | 321 | 41.58 | 850 | 51.42 | 920 | 37.35 | 2611 | 48.08 | 172 | 51.96 | 395 | 56.59 | 251 | 12.1 | 780 | 15.21 | |
Household work | Other persons/equally among household members | 1726 | 84.04 | 3913 | 48.4 | 1480 | 87.52 | 1615 | 55.21 | 596 | 89.09 | 977 | 65 | 1908 | 88.83 | 3234 | 66.31 | 265 | 90.75 | 452 | 69.97 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Mostly by myself | 327 | 15.93 | 4172 | 51.6 | 211 | 12.48 | 1310 | 44.79 | 73 | 10.91 | 526 | 35 | 240 | 11.17 | 1643 | 33.69 | 27 | 9.25 | 194 | 30.03 | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Concern about living with household members | Nothing or little | 634 | 30.88 | 2606 | 32.2 | 780 | 46.18 | 1502 | 51.25 | 287 | 42.77 | 672 | 44.74 | 1031 | 48.02 | 2433 | 49.89 | 106 | 36.18 | 237 | 36.97 | 1340 | 79.57 | 3228 | 76.15 |
Moderate. quite a bit or a lot | 1419 | 69.12 | 5486 | 67.8 | 909 | 53.28 | 1429 | 48.75 | 384 | 57.23 | 830 | 55.26 | 1116 | 51.98 | 2444 | 50.11 | 187 | 63.82 | 404 | 63.03 | 344 | 20.43 | 1011 | 23.85 | |
Concern about schooling | Nothing or little | 139 | 17.62 | 790 | 21.98 | 968 | 32.56 | 596 | 41.1 | 53 | 13.91 | 112 | 13.04 | 298 | 26.58 | 747 | 26.99 | 44 | 24.86 | 110 | 26.25 | 271 | 43.57 | 936 | 51.46 |
Moderate. quite a bit or a lot | 650 | 82.38 | 2804 | 78.02 | 555 | 67.44 | 854 | 48.9 | 328 | 86.09 | 747 | 86.96 | 823 | 73.42 | 2021 | 73.01 | 133 | 75.14 | 309 | 73.75 | 351 | 56.43 | 883 | 48.54 |
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Brazil | Chile | Ecuador | México | Peru | Spain | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 13,943 (35.75%) | n = 5612 (14.39%) | n = 2653 (6.8%) | n = 8396 (21.52%) | n = 1122 (2.88%) | n = 7280 (18.66%) | |||||||||||||||
Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | Men | Woman | |||||||||
n = 2917 | n = 11,026 | n = 2095 | n = 3517 | n = 853 | n = 1800 | n = 2648 | n = 5748 | n = 359 | n = 763 | n = 2101 | n = 5179 | |||||||||
% M | % W | p | % M | % W | p | % M | % W | p | % M | % W | p | % M | % W | p | % M | % W | p | |||
Educational level | Basic or bachelor’s degree | 21.8 | 18.6 | ** | 15.5 | 14.4 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 5.1 | 4.2 | ** | 12.4 | 16.2 | 21.0 | 17.3 | ** | ||||
Technical studies | 8.1 | 5.7 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 23.2 | 27.7 | 14.2 | 16.6 | 10.8 | 10.5 | ||||||||
University studies | 70.1 | 75.7 | 68.6 | 70.2 | 85.3 | 83.5 | 71.7 | 68.1 | 73.5 | 67.2 | 68.2 | 72.2 | ||||||||
Age | 18–34 | 32.3 | 27.7 | ** | 28.1 | 31.7 | * | 41.7 | 55.2 | ** | 44.7 | 48.1 | ** | 39.3 | 50.6 | ** | 23.5 | 27.0 | ** | |
35–64 | 57.5 | 63.7 | 65.1 | 62.3 | 54.9 | 43.6 | 50.4 | 48.7 | 56.3 | 46.1 | 64.0 | 66.2 | ||||||||
≥65 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 4.5 | 3.3 | 12.5 | 6.8 | ||||||||
Indigenous group membership 1 | No | 66.1 | 68.5 | * | 89.3 | 90.4 | 90.3 | 93.0 | * | 89.5 | 90.0 | 83.3 | 85.8 | |||||||
Yes | 33.9 | 31.5 | 10.8 | 9.6 | 9.7 | 7.0 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 16.7 | 14.2 | ||||||||||
Country of origin | Born in country of study | 97.6 | 98.2 | * | 91.8 | 92.2 | 94.8 | 96.3 | 97.9 | 98.4 | 96.7 | 96.5 | 90.8 | 90.7 | ||||||
Migrant | 2.4 | 1.8 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 9.2 | 9.3 | ||||||||
Pre-pandemic employment status | Employed | 66.5 | 56.9 | ** | 88.1 | 78.8 | ** | 82.3 | 73.8 | ** | 70.2 | 62.7 | ** | 83.2 | 68.9 | ** | 71.9 | 70.4 | ||
Unemployed | 33.5 | 43.1 | 11.9 | 21.2 | 17.7 | 26.2 | 29.8 | 37.3 | 16.8 | 31.1 | 28.2 | 29.6 | ||||||||
Change in employment status during the pandemic | No change/improvement in employment condition | 47.7 | 49.7 | 41.5 | 44.3 | * | 30.2 | 28.2 | 49.6 | 47.8 | 48.3 | 47.1 | 59.6 | 59.3 | ||||||
Worsening in employment condition | 52.3 | 50.3 | 58.5 | 55.7 | 69.8 | 71.8 | 50.4 | 52.3 | 51.8 | 52.9 | 40.4 | 40.7 | ||||||||
Housing tenure | Own home | 67.3 | 68.7 | ** | 58.1 | 57.7 | 64.2 | 65.0 | 63.0 | 61.5 | ** | 59.1 | 61.2 | 69.6 | 71.8 | |||||
Lease or rent | 21.1 | 23.7 | 32.1 | 30.8 | 28.4 | 26.5 | 24.5 | 21.7 | 29.9 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 25.0 | ||||||||
Living in someone else’s home | 5.6 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 12.5 | 16.8 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 4.0 | 3.3 | ||||||||
Perception of adequate housing | Suitable for confinement | 81.7 | 81.8 | 84.9 | 87.7 | 0 | 86.8 | 86.4 | 79.4 | 77.2 | * | 81.9 | 75.8 | * | 89.9 | 90.0 | ||||
Not suitable for confinement | 18.3 | 18.2 | 15.1 | 12.3 | 13.2 | 13.6 | 20.6 | 22.8 | 18.2 | 24.3 | 10.1 | 10.0 | ||||||||
Household composition | Living alone | 19.0 | 17.4 | 12.5 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 8.6 | * | 11.6 | 9.1 | ** | 8.6 | 6.7 | 19.3 | 17.7 | |||||
Living with other people | 81.0 | 82.6 | 87.5 | 88.7 | 88.2 | 91.4 | 88.4 | 90.9 | 91.4 | 93.3 | 80.7 | 82.3 | ||||||||
Presence of minors in the household | No | 67.8 | 62.5 | ** | 56.4 | 55.1 | 50.1 | 47.9 | 53.8 | 48.4 | ** | 42.0 | 37.3 | 70.0 | 64.3 | ** | ||||
Yes | 32.2 | 37.5 | 43.6 | 44.9 | 49.9 | 52.1 | 46.2 | 51.6 | 58.0 | 62.7 | 30.0 | 35.7 | ||||||||
Presence of dependents in the household | No | 43.0 | 43.2 | 64.8 | 59.8 | ** | 58.4 | 48.6 | ** | 62.7 | 51.9 | ** | 48.0 | 43.4 | 87.9 | 84.8 | ** | |||
Yes | 57.1 | 56.8 | 35.2 | 40.2 | 41.6 | 51.4 | 37.4 | 48.1 | 52.0 | 56.6 | 12.1 | 15.2 | ||||||||
Household work | Other persons/equally among household members | 84.0 | 48.4 | ** | 87.5 | 55.2 | ** | 89.1 | 65.0 | ** | 88.8 | 66.3 | ** | 90.8 | 70.0 | ** | ||||
Mostly by myself | 15.9 | 51.6 | 12.5 | 44.8 | 10.9 | 35.0 | 11.2 | 33.7 | 9.3 | 30.0 | ||||||||||
Concern about living with household members | Nothing or little | 30.9 | 32.2 | 46.2 | 51.3 | ** | 42.8 | 44.7 | 48.0 | 49.9 | 36.2 | 37.0 | 79.6 | 76.2 | * | |||||
Moderate, quite a bit, or a lot | 69.1 | 67.8 | 53.3 | 48.8 | 57.2 | 55.3 | 52.0 | 50.1 | 63.8 | 63.0 | 20.4 | 23.9 | ||||||||
Concern about schooling | Nothing or little | 17.6 | 22.0 | ** | 32.6 | 41.1 | ** | 13.9 | 13.0 | 26.6 | 27.0 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 43.6 | 51.5 | ** | ||||
Moderate, quite a bit, or a lot | 82.4 | 78.0 | 67.4 | 48.9 | 86.1 | 87.0 | 73.4 | 73.0 | 75.1 | 73.8 | 56.4 | 48.5 |
Brasil | Chile | Ecuador | Mexico | Perú | Spain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
N = 2526 | N = 9739 | N = 1928 | N = 3288 | N = 759 | N = 1637 | N = 2405 | N = 5320 | N = 323 | N = 688 | N = 2092 | N= 5162 | ||
Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | ||
Self-perceived health | 21 (19–22) | 25 (24–25) | 17 (15–18) | 22 (20–23) | 12 (10–15) | 18 (16–19) | 16 (14–17) | 21 (20–22) | 26 (21–31) | 34 (31–38) | 9 (8–11) | 12 (11–13) | |
Educational level | Basic or bachelor’s degree | 29 (25–33) | 37 (35–39) | 24 (19–28) | 34 (30–38) | 20 (11–28) | 21 (15–26) | 24 (16–31) | 34 (28–40) | 35 (20–50) | 36 (27–45) | 12 (9–15) | 20 (18–23) |
Technical studies | 25 (19–31) | 35 (31–39) | 23 (18–27) | 29 (25–33) | 07 (0–17) | 30 (18–42) | 19 (16–23) | 26 (23–28) | 22 (9–35) | 32 (23–40) | 12 (7–16) | 16 (12–19) | |
University studies | 18 (16–20) | 21 (20–22) | 14 (12–15) | 18 (16–19) | 11 (9–14) | 16 (15–18) | 14 (13–16) | 18 (17–20) | 26 (20–31) | 34 (30–38) | 8 (7–10) | 10 (9–11) | |
Age | 18–34 | 22 (19–25) | 25 (24–27) | 17 (13–20) | 20 (18–23) | 13 (9–17) | 18 (15–20) | 15 (13–17) | 19 (17–20) | 24 (16–32) | 27 (23–32) | 4 (2–6) | 9 (7–10) |
35–64 | 20 (18–22) | 25 (23–26) | 16 (14–18) | 22 (20–23) | 12 (9–15) | 18 (15–20) | 16 (14–18) | 23 (21–25) | 26 (20–33) | 41 (36–47) | 11 (9–12) | 13 (12–15) | |
≥65 | 18 (14–23) | 23 (21–26) | 23 (16–30) | 28 (22–35) | 07 (0–17) | 09 (0–22) | 26 (18–34) | 27 (20–33) | 38 (12–65) | 35 (15–54) | 12 (08–16) | 13 (10–17) | |
Indigenous group membership 1 | No | 19 (17–21) | 22 (21–23) | 17 (15–19) | 21 (20–23) | 11 (9–13) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (14–17) | 21 (20–22) | 23 (18–28) | 34 (30–38) | NA | NA |
Yes | 23 (20–26) | 31 (29–33) | 16 (11–21) | 27 (22–32) | 25 (15–35) | 36 (27–44) | 19 (14–24) | 23 (20–27) | 40 (27–54) | 33 (24–43) | NA | NA | |
Country of origin | Born in the country of study | 21 (19–22) | 25 (24–26) | 17 (15–19) | 22 (21–24) | 12 (9–14) | 18 (16–19) | 16 (14–17) | 21 (20–22) | NA | NA | 9 (7–10) | 12 (11–13) |
Migrant | 24 (13–35) | 23 (17–29) | 13 (06–19) | 13 (08–18) | 21 (8–33) | 17 (8–27) | 10 (2–18) | 14 (7–21) | NA | NA | 14 (10–19) | 15 (12–18) | |
Pre-pandemic employment status, | Employed | 19 (17–21) | 22 (21–24) | 15 (14–17) | 19 (17–20) | 11 (9–14) | 17 (15–19) | 15 (14–17) | 21 (19–22) | 26 (20–31) | 35 (30–39) | 8 (7–9) | 9 (8–10) |
Unemployed | 24 (21–27) | 26 (25–28) | 23 (18–29) | 30 (26–33) | 16 (9–22) | 19 (15–23) | 17 (14–19) | 22 (20–24) | 27 (15–39) | 33 (26–39) | 13 (10–16) | 19 (17–21) | |
Change in employment status during the pandemic | No change/improvement in employment condition | 18 (15–20) | 22 (21–23) | 13 (11–15) | 18 (16–20) | 9 (5–13) | 15 (12–18) | 13 (12–15) | 18 (17–20) | 18 (12–25) | 29 (24–35) | 10 (8–12) | 12 (10–13) |
Worsening in employ–ment condition | 23 (21–26) | 28 (26–29) | 19 (17–22) | 24 (23–26) | 13 (11–16) | 19 (16–21) | 18 (16–20) | 24 (22–25) | 35 (27–42) | 38 (33–44) | 9 (7–11) | 13 (12–15) | |
Housing tenure | Own home | 19 (17–21) | 23 (22–24) | 16 (13–18) | 19 (17–21) | 10 (7–13) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (14–17) | 19 (18–21) | 25 (19–31) | 33 (28–37) | 10 (8–12) | 12 (11–13) |
Lease or rent | 22 (19–25) | 27 (25–29) | 17 (14–19) | 23 (21–26) | 17 (12–22) | 20 (16–24) | 15 (12–18) | 21 (18–23) | 27 (18–36) | 31 (24–38) | 7 (5–10) | 11 (9–13) | |
Living in someone else’s home | 32 (24–40) | 38 (34–41) | 24 (18–31) | 29 (25–34) | 14 (5–23) | 21 (15–28) | 19 (15–24) | 28 (25–31) | 31 (16–46) | 45 (35–56) | 08 (2–14) | 19 (13–24) | |
Perception of adequate housing | Suitable for confinement | 18 (16–20) | 22 (21–23) | 15 (13–17) | 19 (18–21) | 10 (8–12) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (13–16) | 19 (17–20) | 23 (18–28) | 32 (28–36) | 9 (8–10) | 11 (10–12) |
Not suitable for confinement | 31 (27–35) | 37 (35–40) | 27 (22–32) | 38 (33–43) | 26 (18–35) | 29 (23–35) | 20 (17–24) | 30 (27–33) | 42 (29–55) | 42 (34–49) | 14 (9–18) | 20 (16–23) | |
Household composition | Living alone | 20 (17–24) | 23 (21–25) | 15 (11–20) | 18 (14–22) | 14 (7–21) | 15 (9–21) | 17 (12–21) | 17 (14–20) | 14 (01–26) | 22 (10–34) | 10 (07–13) | 12 (10–14) |
Living with other people | 21 (19–22) | 25 (24–26) | 17 (15–19) | 22 (21–24) | 12 (10–14) | 18 (16–20) | 16 (14–17) | 22 (20–23) | 27 (22–32) | 35 (31–39) | 9 (8–10) | 12 (11–13) | |
Presence of minors in the household, | No | 20 (18–22) | 24 (23–25) | 18 (15–20) | 22 (20–25) | 12 (9–16) | 15 (12–17) | 16 (13–18) | 20 (18–21) | 31 (22–40) | 32 (25–38) | 10 (6–13) | 15 (12–17) |
Yes | 21 (19–24) | 26 (24–27) | 16 (14–19) | 22 (20–24) | 12 (8–15) | 20 (18–23) | 16 (14–18) | 23 (21–25) | 25 (19–31) | 37 (32–41) | 6 (3–08) | 9 (7–11) | |
Presence of dependents in the household | No | 17 (14–20) | 21 (19–22) | 13 (11–15) | 19 (17–21) | 12 (8–15) | 12 (10–15) | 12 (10–13) | 16 (14–17) | 22 (15–30) | 27 (21–32) | 17 (11–23) | 16 (12–19) |
Yes | 22 (20–24) | 27 (26–28) | 23 (20–26) | 26 (24–29) | 12 (9–16) | 22 (19–25) | 21 (19–24) | 27 (25–28) | 31 (24–38) | 40 (35–45) | 9 (4–15) | 13 (9–17) | |
Household work | Other persons/equally among household members | 20 (18–22) | 23 (22–25) | 17 (15–19) | 20 (18–22) | 12 (10–15) | 16 (14–18) | 15 (14–17) | 20 (18–21) | 27 (22–32) | 31 (27–35) | NA | NA |
Mostly by myself | 24 (19–29) | 26 (25–28) | 18 (13–24) | 24 (22–26) | 11 (4–18) | 21 (18–25) | 19 (14–24) | 25 (23–27) | 30 (12–47) | 45 (38–52) | NA | NA | |
Concern about living with household members | Nothing or little | 14 (12–17) | 19 (18–21) | 13 (11–15) | 19 (17–21) | 9 (6–13) | 13 (10–16) | 13 (11–15) | 19 (17–20) | 19 (12–27) | 26 (21–32) | 8 (7–10) | 10 (9–11) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 23 (21–26) | 28 (26–29) | 20 (18–23) | 25 (23–28) | 14 (10–17) | 22 (19–24) | 18 (16–20) | 24 (23–26) | 32 (25–39) | 40 (35–45) | 13 (9–16) | 18 (16–21) | |
Concern about schooling | Nothing or little | 26 (19–33) | 22 (19–25) | 17 (13–22) | 20 (16–23) | 11 (3–20) | 14 (8–21) | 16 (12–20) | 21 (18–24) | 14 (03–24) | 30 (21–38) | 6 (3–9) | 10 (8–11) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 21 (18–24) | 27 (25–29) | 16 (13–19) | 23 (20–26) | 12 (8–15) | 21 (18–24) | 16 (13–18) | 24 (22–26) | 27 (20–35) | 39 (34–45) | 9 (6–11) | 14 (12–16) |
Brasil | Chile | Ecuador | Mexico | Perú | Spain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
N = 2404 | N = 9307 | N = 1809 | N = 3167 | N = 711 | N = 1496 | N = 2210 | N = 4867 | N = 299 | N = 645 | N = 2077 | N = 5155 | ||
Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | ||
Anxiety | 27 (25–29) | 37 (36–38) | 43 (41–45) | 58 (56–60) | 35 (32–39) | 46 (43–48) | 28 (26–30) | 41 (40–43) | 30 (25–36) | 38 (34–42) | 18 (16–19) | 31 (30–33) | |
Educational level | Basic or bachelor’s degree | 33 (29–37) | 46 (44–48) | 51 (46–57) | 69 (64–73) | 44 (32–55) | 48 (40–55) | 31 (21–40) | 42 (35–50) | 40 (24–56) | 52 (43–62) | 18 (15–22) | 38 (35–41) |
Technical studies | 35 (28–41) | 47 (43–51) | 44 (39–50) | 63 (58–67) | 32 (14–50) | 45 (31–59) | 30 (26–34) | 44 (41–46) | 32 (17–46) | 41 (31–50) | 21 (15–26) | 35 (31–39) | |
University studies | 24 (22–26) | 34 (33–35) | 41 (38–44) | 55 (52–57) | 34 (30–38) | 46 (43–48) | 28 (25–30) | 40 (39–42) | 29 (23–35) | 34 (30–39) | 17 (15–19) | 29 (28–31) | |
Age | 18–34 | 40 (36–43) | 49 (47–51) | 51 (47–56) | 65 (62–68) | 39 (34–45) | 49 (45–52) | 33 (31–36) | 47 (45–49) | 37 (28–46) | 44 (39–50) | 23 (20–27) | 40 (37–43) |
35–64 | 24 (22–26) | 34 (33–35) | 42 (39–45) | 56 (53–58) | 33 (29–38) | 43 (39–46) | 25 (22–27) | 36 (34–38) | 26 (20–33) | 32 (27–38) | 17 (15–19) | 29 (28–31) | |
≥65 | 9 (6–13) | 19 (16–21) | 18 (11–24) | 42 (35–49) | 20 (4–36) | 28 (7–48) | 14 (7–21) | 25 (18–32) | 31 (6–56) | 30 (10–50) | 9 (6–13) | 15 (12–19) | |
Indigenous group membership 1 | No | 27 (24–29) | 36 (35–37) | 43 (41–46) | 57 (55–59) | 35 (32–39) | 45 (42–47) | 29 (27–31) | 41 (40–42) | 28 (22–33) | 38 (34–42) | NA | NA |
Yes | 28 (25–31) | 39 (37–40) | 43 (36–50) | 65 (59–70) | 35 (23–47) | 57 (48–67) | 22 (17–28) | 44 (39–48) | 45 (30–59) | 38 (27–48) | NA | NA | |
Country of origin | Born in the country of study | 27 (26–29) | 37 (36–38) | 44 (41–46) | 58 (56–60) | 36 (32–39) | 46 (43–48) | 28 (26–30) | 41 (40–43) | NA | NA | 17 (15–19) | 31 (30–33) |
Migrant | 12 (04–21) | 30 (23–38) | 33 (23–42) | 53 (45–61) | 29 (14–44) | 47 (34–60) | 21 (09–32) | 42 (32–53) | NA | NA | 22 (17–27) | 33 (29–36) | |
Pre-pandemic employment status, | Employed | 27 (25–29) | 37 (36–39) | 43 (41–46) | 57 (55–59) | 35 (31–39) | 45 (42–48) | 28 (26–30) | 41 (40–43) | 29 (23–34) | 36 (32–41) | 19 (17–21) | 31 (29–32) |
Unemployed | 26 (23–30) | 36 (34–38) | 39 (32–45) | 61 (57–65) | 39 (30–47) | 47 (42–53) | 28 (25–32) | 41 (39–43) | 40 (26–54) | 44 (37–51) | 16 (13–18) | 32 (30–35) | |
Change in employment status during the pandemic | No change/improvement in employment condition | 17 (15–20) | 29 (28–31) | 35 (32–39) | 52 (49–54) | 24 (18–30) | 36 (31–41) | 21 (19–24) | 34 (32–36) | 22 (15–28) | 32 (26–37) | 15 (13–17) | 27 (25–28) |
Worsening in employment condition | 36 (33–38) | 44 (42–45) | 49 (46–52) | 63 (61–65) | 40 (36–44) | 50 (47–53) | 35 (32–38) | 48 (46–50) | 39 (31–47) | 44 (38–50) | 22 (19–25) | 38 (36–40) | |
Housing tenure | Own home | 24 (22–26) | 34 (33–35) | 39 (36–42) | 54 (51–56) | 34 (30–38) | 43 (40–46) | 26 (24–28) | 38 (36–40) | 25 (19–32) | 36 (31–40) | 16 (14–18) | 30 (29–32) |
Lease or rent | 31 (27–34) | 42 (40–44) | 48 (44–52) | 63 (60–66) | 37 (30–44) | 50 (45–55) | 33 (29–37) | 47 (44–50) | 37 (27–47) | 44 (36–51) | 20 (16–23) | 33 (31–36) | |
Living in someone else’s home | 41 (33–49) | 47 (43–51) | 52 (44–59) | 64 (59–69) | 37 (24–50) | 53 (45–62) | 30 (25–36) | 46 (43–50) | 38 (21–54) | 39 (28–49) | 24 (15–33) | 35 (28–42) | |
Perception of adequate housing | Suitable for confinement | 24 (22–26) | 34 (33–35) | 41 (39–43) | 56 (54–58) | 33 (30–37) | 43 (41–46) | 26 (24–28) | 38 (37–40) | 25 (19–30) | 34 (29–38) | 16 (14–18) | 29 (28–31) |
Not suitable for confinement | 41 (37–46) | 50 (48–53) | 55 (49–61) | 72 (67–76) | 48 (38–59) | 63 (56–70) | 38 (34–43) | 52 (49–55) | 57 (43–70) | 53 (45–61) | 33 (26–39) | 50 (45–54) | |
Household composition | Living alone | 25 (21–28) | 29 (27–31) | 43 (36–49) | 50 (45–55) | 33 (23–42) | 45 (36–53) | 28 (22–33) | 40 (35–44) | 39 (21–57) | 23 (10–35) | 19 (15–23) | 28 (25–31) |
Living with other people | 28 (26–30) | 38 (37–39) | 43 (41–46) | 59 (57–61) | 36 (32–39) | 46 (43–49) | 28 (26–30) | 41 (40–43) | 30 (24–35) | 39 (35–43) | 18 (16–19) | 32 (31–33) | |
Presence of minors in the household, | No | 26 (24–29) | 36 (34–37) | 42 (39–46) | 56 (54–59) | 38 (32–44) | 44 (40–48) | 28 (25–31) | 40 (37–42) | 29 (20–38) | 32 (25–38) | 21 (16–25) | 33 (30–37) |
Yes | 29 (26–32) | 41 (40–43) | 44 (41–48) | 61 (59–64) | 34 (29–38) | 47 (44–51) | 29 (26–31) | 43 (41–45) | 30 (23–37) | 43 (38–48) | 22 (17–26) | 35 (32–38) | |
Presence of dependents in the household | No | 25 (22–29) | 34 (32–35) | 40 (37–43) | 54 (51–56) | 33 (28–38) | 42 (38–46) | 26 (23–28) | 37 (35–39) | 24 (16–32) | 35 (29–41) | 24 (17–32) | 35 (30–39) |
Yes | 28 (26–31) | 40 (39–42) | 48 (44–52) | 65 (62–67) | 38 (33–44) | 49 (45–52) | 32 (29–35) | 46 (43–48) | 34 (26–42) | 42 (37–47) | 26 (18–34) | 42 (37–48) | |
Household work | Other persons/equally among household members | 26 (24–29) | 35 (34–37) | 42 (39–44) | 55 (53–58) | 35 (31–39) | 43 (40–47) | 27 (25–29) | 38 (37–40) | 29 (23–35) | 37 (32–41) | NA | NA |
Mostly by myself | 33 (28–38) | 41 (40–43) | 55 (48–61) | 64 (61–66) | 40 (28–52) | 51 (47–56) | 38 (32–45) | 47 (45–50) | 35 (16–53) | 45 (38–52) | NA | NA | |
Concern about living with household members | Nothing or little | 15 (12–18) | 27 (25–29) | 33 (30–37) | 49 (47–52) | 27 (22–32) | 34 (30–38) | 19 (16–21) | 32 (30–34) | 23 (15–31) | 27 (21–33) | 12 (11–14) | 26 (24–27) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 33 (31–36) | 44 (42–45) | 52 (49–55) | 69 (67–72) | 42 (37–47) | 56 (52–59) | 37 (34–40) | 51 (49–53) | 34 (27–41) | 46 (41–51) | 38 (32–43) | 53 (50–56) | |
Concern about schooling | Nothing or little | 27 (19–34) | 37 (34–41) | 41 (35–47) | 59 (55–63) | 24 (12–36) | 37 (27–47) | 29 (23–34) | 37 (33–41) | 25 (11–39) | 28 (19–37) | 16 (12–21) | 29 (27–32) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 30 (26–33) | 43 (41–45) | 46 (41–50) | 64 (61–67) | 35 (30–40) | 49 (45–53) | 32 (29–35) | 45 (43–47) | 30 (22–38) | 48 (42–54) | 25 (20–30) | 40 (37–43) |
Brasil | Chile | Ecuador | Mexico | Perú | Spain | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | ||
N = 2414 | N = 9323 | N = 1799 | N = 3164 | N = 709 | N = 1493 | N = 2208 | N = 4865 | N = 298 | N = 647 | N = 2074 | N = 5107 | ||
Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | Prevalence (IC95%) | ||
Depressive symptomns | 28 (26–30) | 37 (36–38) | 31 (29–33) | 42 (40–44) | 32 (28–35) | 43 (40–45) | 28 (26–30) | 40 (39–42) | 27 (21–32) | 37 (33–40) | 16 (15–18) | 28 (27–30) | |
Educational level | Basic or bachelor’s degree | 36 (32–40) | 47 (45–50) | 46 (40–52) | 60 (55–64) | 44 (32–55) | 61 (54–68) | 31 (22–41) | 40 (32–47) | 37 (21–53) | 58 (48–67) | 18 (15–22) | 35 (32–39) |
Technical studies | 34 (27–41) | 49 (45–54) | 30 (25–35) | 43 (39–48) | 31 (13–49) | 42 (29–56) | 36 (32–40) | 48 (45–51) | 46 (31–62) | 40 (31–50) | 18 (13–23) | 32 (28–36) | |
University studies | 25 (23–27) | 34 (33–35) | 28 (26–31) | 38 (36–40) | 30 (27–34) | 40 (38–43) | 26 (23–28) | 38 (36–39) | 22 (16–27) | 31 (27–35) | 16 (14–18) | 26 (25–28) | |
Age | 18–34 | 45 (42–49) | 54 (52–56) | 46 (41–50) | 56 (53–59) | 40 (35–46) | 49 (46–53) | 38 (35–41) | 51 (49–53) | 40 (31–49) | 46 (40–51) | 28 (24–32) | 42 (40–45) |
35–64 | 23 (21–25) | 33 (32–34) | 28 (25–30) | 36 (34–39) | 26 (22–31) | 36 (32–39) | 21 (19–24) | 31 (29–33) | 18 (13–24) | 29 (24–34) | 14 (12–16) | 24 (23–26) | |
≥65 | 8 (5–11) | 18 (16–21) | 7 (3–12) | 25 (18–31) | 25 (8–42) | 22 (3–41) | 7 (2–12) | 16 (10–23) | 23 (0–46) | 05 (0–13) | 06 (3–9) | 13 (9–17) | |
Indigenous group membership 1 | No | 27 (25–29) | 36 (34–37) | 30 (23–36) | 41 (40–43) | 32 (29–36) | 42 (40–45) | 28 (26–30) | 40 (39–42) | 25 (20–30) | 36 (32–40) | NA | NA |
Yes | 30 (27–33) | 40 (39–42) | 32 (29–34) | 47 (42–53) | 27 (16–39) | 50 (40–59) | 25 (19–31) | 41 (37–45) | 36 (22–50) | 43 (32–54) | NA | NA | |
Country of origin | Born in the country of study | 28 (27–30) | 37 (36–38) | 32 (30–34) | 38 (36–39) | 33 (29–36) | 43 (40–46) | 28 (26–30) | 40 (39–42) | NA | NA | 16 (15–18) | 28 (27–29) |
Migrant | 16 (06–25) | 29 (22–36) | 19 (11–27) | 34 (27–42) | 15 (04–27) | 35 (22–47) | 21 (9–32) | 40 (29–50) | NA | NA | 19 (14–24) | 31 (27–35) | |
Pre-pandemic employment status, | Employed | 28 (25–30) | 37 (36–39) | 30 (27–32) | 39 (37–41) | 30 (26–33) | 38 (35–41) | 26 (24–29) | 38 (36–40) | 23 (18–28) | 31 (27–35) | 16 (14–18) | 26 (25–27) |
Unemployed | 31 (27–34) | 38 (36–39) | 39 (33–46) | 52 (48–56) | 43 (34–51) | 56 (51–61) | 32 (28–36) | 45 (43–47) | 46 (32–60) | 52 (45–59) | 18 (15–21) | 34 (32–36) | |
Change in employment status during the pandemic | No change/improvement in employment condition | 19 (17–21) | 29 (28–30) | 25 (22–28) | 35 (32–37) | 22 (16–27) | 34 (29–38) | 22 (19–24) | 32 (30–34) | 19 (12–25) | 28 (23–34) | 13 (11–14) | 24 (22–25) |
Worsening in employment condition | 37 (34–39) | 45 (44–47) | 36 (33–39) | 48 (46–50) | 36 (32–41) | 46 (43–49) | 34 (32–37) | 48 (46–50) | 33 (25–41) | 41 (35–47) | 22 (19–25) | 35 (33–37) | |
Housing tenure | Own home | 25 (23–27) | 34 (32–35) | 27 (24–30) | 37 (34–39) | 31 (27–35) | 40 (37–43) | 24 (22–26) | 36 (34–38) | 22 (16–28) | 34 (29–38) | 14 (12–16) | 26 (25–27) |
Lease or rent | 35 (31–38) | 44 (41–46) | 35 (32–39) | 48 (45–51) | 32 (25–38) | 48 (43–53) | 35 (31–40) | 46 (43–49) | 35 (25–45) | 44 (37–52) | 20 (16–23) | 32 (29–35) | |
Living in someone else’s home | 38 (30–46) | 51 (47–55) | 43 (35–50) | 52 (46–57) | 38 (25–51) | 49 (40–57) | 35 (29–41) | 50 (46–53) | 26 (10–41) | 35 (24–45) | 26 (16–35) | 40 (32–47) | |
Perception of adequate housing | Suitable for confinement | 25 (23–27) | 34 (33–35) | 29 (27–31) | 39 (38–41) | 30 (27–34) | 41 (38–44) | 26 (24–28) | 37 (36–39) | 23 (18–28) | 33 (28–37) | 14 (13–16) | 26 (25–27) |
Not suitable for confinement | 40 (36–45) | 52 (50–55) | 45 (39–51) | 62 (57–67) | 43 (33–54) | 54 (47–61) | 37 (33–42) | 52 (49–55) | 43 (29–56) | 49 (41–57) | 34 (28–41) | 48 (44–52) | |
Household composition | Living alone | 27 (23–31) | 31 (29–33) | 33 (27–40) | 38 (33–43) | 31 (22–41) | 49 (41–58) | 29 (24–35) | 42 (37–46) | 39 (21–57) | 23 (11–36) | 19 (15–23) | 30 (27–33) |
Living with other people | 28 (26–30) | 38 (37–39) | 31 (29–33) | 43 (41–44) | 32 (28–36) | 42 (39–45) | 28 (26–30) | 40 (39–42) | 25 (20–30) | 38 (34–41) | 16 (14–18) | 28 (27–29) | |
Presence of minors in the household, | No | 28 (25–30) | 37 (35–38) | 33 (30–37) | 44 (42–47) | 36 (30–41) | 46 (42–50) | 29 (27–32) | 38 (36–40) | 26 (18–35) | 33 (26–39) | 15 (11–19) | 27 (24–30) |
Yes | 29 (26–32) | 40 (39–42) | 29 (26–32) | 41 (38–43) | 29 (24–34) | 39 (36–43) | 27 (24–29) | 42 (40–44) | 25 (18–31) | 40 (35–45) | 15 (11–19) | 26 (23–28) | |
Presence of dependents in the household | No | 29 (25–33) | 36 (34–37) | 28 (25–30) | 39 (37–42) | 30 (25–35) | 40 (36–44) | 23 (20–25) | 37 (35–39) | 22 (14–29) | 37 (31–43) | 25 (18–32) | 29 (25–33) |
Yes | 28 (26–31) | 40 (38–41) | 36 (32–40) | 47 (44–50) | 34 (28–39) | 44 (40–47) | 25 (22–28) | 43 (41–45) | 28 (21–35) | 38 (33–43) | 17 (10–25) | 28 (23–33) | |
Household work | Other persons/equally among household members | 26 (24–29) | 37 (35–38) | 29 (27–31) | 40 (38–43) | 32 (28–35) | 42 (39–45) | 27 (25–29) | 39 (38–41) | 24 (19–30) | 36 (31–40) | NA | NA |
Mostly by myself | 39 (34–44) | 40 (38–41) | 45 (38–52) | 45 (43–48) | 35 (23–46) | 43 (38–47) | 38 (32–45) | 42 (40–45) | 35 (16–53) | 42 (35–49) | NA | NA | |
Concern about living with household members | Nothing or little | 19 (16–23) | 30 (28–31) | 24 (21–27) | 33 (31–36) | 27 (22–32) | 32 (28–36) | 21 (18–23) | 34 (32–36) | 19 (11–27) | 27 (21–33) | 12 (10–13) | 22 (20–23) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 32 (30–35) | 42 (41–44) | 37 (34–40) | 53 (50–55) | 36 (31–41) | 50 (47–54) | 35 (32–38) | 47 (45–49) | 29 (22–36) | 44 (39–49) | 32 (27–37) | 47 (44–50) | |
Concern about schooling | Nothing or little | 28 (21–36) | 35 (32–39) | 28 (22–33) | 37 (33–41) | 20 (09–31) | 27 (18–36) | 27 (21–32) | 37 (33–41) | 31 (16–45) | 30 (21–39) | 12 (8–16) | 19 (16–21) |
Moderate, quite a bit or a lot | 29 (26–33) | 42 (40–43) | 29 (25–33) | 44 (40–47) | 31 (25–36) | 41 (37–45) | 27 (23–30) | 44 (42–46) | 23 (15–30) | 45 (39–50) | 17 (13–21) | 33 (30–37) |
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Salas Quijada, C.; López-Contreras, N.; López-Jiménez, T.; Medina-Perucha, L.; León-Gómez, B.B.; Peralta, A.; Arteaga-Contreras, K.M.; Berenguera, A.; Queiroga Gonçalves, A.; Horna-Campos, O.J.; et al. Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095722
Salas Quijada C, López-Contreras N, López-Jiménez T, Medina-Perucha L, León-Gómez BB, Peralta A, Arteaga-Contreras KM, Berenguera A, Queiroga Gonçalves A, Horna-Campos OJ, et al. Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(9):5722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095722
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalas Quijada, Carmen, Natalia López-Contreras, Tomás López-Jiménez, Laura Medina-Perucha, Brenda Biaani León-Gómez, Andrés Peralta, Karen M. Arteaga-Contreras, Anna Berenguera, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves, Olivia Janett Horna-Campos, and et al. 2023. "Social Inequalities in Mental Health and Self-Perceived Health in the First Wave of COVID-19 Lockdown in Latin America and Spain: Results of an Online Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 9: 5722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20095722