Investigation of Spatial Coupling Coordination Development: Identifying Land System States from the Adaptation–Conflict Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Assessment Methods
2.3.1. Quantitative Assessments of ES Supply, Demand, and Balance
2.3.2. Assessment of Land Use Conflict
- (1)
- Complexity index (CI)
- (2)
- Fragility index (FI)
- (3)
- Instability index (ISI)
2.4. Evaluation of the Coupling Coordination Degree of ES Balance and Land Use Conflict
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Evolutions of the Supply, Demand, and Balance of ES from 1990 to 2020
3.2. Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Land Use Conflicts from 1990 to 2020
3.3. Coupling Coordination Characteristics between ES Balance and Land Use Conflict
4. Discussion
4.1. How Do ES Balance and Land Use Conflict Track Land System States?
4.2. The Reality and Potential of Coupling Coordination Development for Reconciling Urban Development Issues
4.3. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Coupling Coordination Degree | First Grade | Relative Magnitudes of U1 and U2 | Second Grade |
---|---|---|---|
0.7 < D ≤ 1.0 | Superior balanced development | U1 − U2 > 0.1 | Superiorly balanced development with ES balance lagging |
U2 − U1 > 0.1 | Superiorly balanced development with land use conflict lagging | ||
0 ≤ |U2 − U1| ≤ 0.1 | Superiorly balanced development with ES balance and land use conflict | ||
0.5 < D ≤ 0.7 | Barely balanced development | U1 − U2 > 0.1 | Barely balanced development with ES balance lagging |
U2 − U1 > 0.1 | Barely balanced development with land use conflict lagging | ||
0 ≤ |U2 − U1| ≤ 0.1 | Barely balanced development with ES balance and land use conflict | ||
0.3 < D ≤ 0.5 | Slightly unbalanced development | U1 − U2 > 0.1 | Slightly unbalanced development with ES balance lagging |
U2 − U1 > 0.1 | Slightly unbalanced development with land use conflict lagging | ||
0 ≤ |U2 − U1| ≤ 0.1 | Slightly unbalanced development with ES balance and land use conflict | ||
0 < D ≤ 0.3 | Seriously unbalanced development | U1 − U2 > 0.1 | Seriously unbalanced development with ES balance lagging |
U2 − U1 > 0.1 | Seriously unbalanced development with land use conflict lagging | ||
0 ≤ |U2 − U1| ≤ 0.1 | Seriously unbalanced development with ES balance and land use conflict |
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Wang, X.; Wang, D.; Gao, W.; Lu, J.; Jin, X. Investigation of Spatial Coupling Coordination Development: Identifying Land System States from the Adaptation–Conflict Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010373
Wang X, Wang D, Gao W, Lu J, Jin X. Investigation of Spatial Coupling Coordination Development: Identifying Land System States from the Adaptation–Conflict Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010373
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xingjia, Dongyan Wang, Wanying Gao, Jiaxi Lu, and Xiaotong Jin. 2023. "Investigation of Spatial Coupling Coordination Development: Identifying Land System States from the Adaptation–Conflict Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1: 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010373