Gender Differences in the Association between Physical Inactivity and Mental-Health Conditions in People with Vision or Hearing Impairment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Survey
2.2. Vision or Hearing Impairment (Inclusion Criteria)
2.3. Physical Inactivity (Exposure)
2.4. Mental-Health Complications (Outcome)
2.5. Gender and Other Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Interpretation of the Findings
4.3. Implications of Findings
4.4. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | |
Physical inactivity | 1.403 (1.015–1.940) * | 1.155 (0.701–1.904) | 1.776 (0.960–3.282) | 1.170 (0.604–2.265) |
Age | 1.032 (1.017–1.048) *** | 1.023 (0.998–1.049) | 1.025 (0.996–1.054) | 0.995 (0.963–1.028) |
BMI | 1.020 (0.989–1.052) | 1.054 (1.004–1.107) * | 1.054 (0.988–1.125) | 1.001 (0.929–1.079) |
Primary education | 1.291 (0.798–2.087) | 1.251 (0.576–2.717) | 4.688 (1.427–15.408) * | 3.026 (0.961–9.526) |
Secondary education | 1.128 (0.742–1.714) | 1.097 (0.542–2.223) | 3.923 (1.213–12.685) * | 1.463 (0.462–4.635) |
Living as a couple | 0.612 (0.447–0.838) ** | 0.476 (0.291–0.780) ** | 0.331 (0.178–0.616) *** | 0.524 (0.269–1.022) |
Current smoker | 1.498 (1.013–2.216) * | 3.078 (1.528–6.197) ** | 1.718 (0.782–3.773) | 2.027 (0.885–4.640) |
Past smoker | 1.432 (0.952–2.153) | 1.986 (0.947–4.168) | 1.471 (0.661–3.272) | 1.037 (0.432–2.487) |
Alcohol | 0.563 (0.404–0.786) *** | 0.396 (0.235–0.668) *** | 0.956 (0.502–1.821) | 0.469 (0.237–0.928) * |
Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | |
Physical inactivity | 1.264 (0.901–1.772) | 1.503 (0.908–2.488) | 1.225 (0.667–2.250) | 0.982 (0.480–2.011) |
Age | 1.006 (0.991–1.021) | 1.017 (0.992–1.042) | 1.016 (0.987–1.045) | 0.966 (0.936–0.998) * |
BMI | 1.026 (0.994–1.060) | 1.002 (0.949–1.058) | 1.067 (1.001–1.138) * | 0.980 (0.903–1.064) |
Primary education | 1.460 (0.880–2.421) | 1.812 (0.804–4.082) | 0.996 (0.387–2.563) | 2.831 (0.862–9.303) |
Secondary education | 1.232 (0.800–1.898) | 1.529 (0.726–3.223) | 1.388 (0.576–3.344) | 1.695 (0.532–5.396) |
Living as a couple | 0.723 (0.521–1.003) | 0.586 (0.354–0.971) * | 0.701 (0.382–1.289) | 0.690 (0.338–1.410) |
Current smoker | 2.099 (1.410–3.125) *** | 1.785 (0.885–3.599) | 1.651 (0.781–3.490) | 1.170 (0.501–2.734) |
Past smoker | 1.573 (1.021–2.425) * | 2.422 (1.194–4.911) * | 0.776 (0.338–1.783) | 0.935 (0.385–2.269) |
Alcohol | 0.754 (0.532–1.068) | 0.495 (0.289–0.845) * | 1.413 (0.741–2.693) | 0.472 (0.231–0.966) * |
Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | |
Physical inactivity | 2.959 (1.434–6.104) ** | 3.053 (0.981–9.496) | 2.580 (0.520–12.796) | 0.503 (0.124–2.049) |
Age | 0.980 (0.953–1.008) | 0.979 (0.935–1.024) | 0.968 (0.924–1.015) | 0.965 (0.910–1.023) |
BMI | 1.070 (1.007–1.136) * | 1.017 (0.903–1.145) | 0.958 (0.791–1.160) | 1.160 (0.999–1.347) |
Primary education | 1.631 (0.580–4.582) | 0.934 (0.197–4.420) | 2.117 (0.200–22.431) | >1000 (>1000–>1000) *** |
Secondary education | 0.589 (0.204–1.701) | 0.277 (0.052–1.458) | 1.847 (0.163–20.951) | >1000 (>1000–>1000) |
Living as a couple | 0.315 (0.152–0.656) ** | 0.293 (0.085–1.010) | 0.383 (0.079–1.851) | 0.105 (0.021–0.530) ** |
Current smoker | 1.327 (0.585–3.009) | 2.003 (0.442–9.072) | 4277−9 (4277−9–4277−9) | 1.509 (0.339–6.713) |
Past smoker | 0.618 (0.200–1.907) | 2.332 (0.482–11.286) | 0.747 (0.079–7.043) | 0.386 (0.054–2.743) |
Alcohol | 0.344 (0.155–0.763) ** | 0.138 (0.041–0.469) ** | 0.140 (0.015–1.277) | 0.177 (0.045–0.701) * |
Mental-Health Conditions | Age (Years) | Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | ||
Depression | <65 | 1.429 (1.010–2.021) * | 1.151 (0.679–1.953) | 1.765 (0.848–3.672) | 1.055 (0.478–2.327) |
≥65 | 1.107 (0.440–2.785) | 1.109 (0.189–6.504) | 2.264 (0.591–8.672) | 1.413 (0.338–5.913) | |
Chronic anxiety | <65 | 1.364 (0.955–1.947) | 1.753 (1.037–2.963) * | 1.131 (0.549–2.331) | 0.994 (0.455–2.173) |
≥65 | 0.594 (0.186–1.895) | 0.196 (0.017–2.254) | 2.052 (0.565–7.455) | 0.623 (0.088–4.416) | |
Other mental problems | <65 | 3.101 (1.416–6.791) ** | 4.287 (1.267–14.510) * | 4.020 (0.581–27.831) | 0.359 (0.054–2.384) |
≥65 | 1.837 (0.225–14.977) | 2881−43 (0-.) | 2.020 (0.076–53.823) | 1811−16 (0-.) |
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Mental-Health Conditions | Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | ||||||||||
Freq (%) | p | d | Freq (%) | p | d | Freq (%) | p | d | Freq (%) | p | d | ||
Depression | Yes | 103 (44.4) | 0.009 ** | 0.167 | 36 (41.4) | 0.158 | 0.103 | 38 (55.1) | 0.049 * | 0.234 | 20 (43.5) | 0.242 | 0.118 |
No | 264 (34.9) | 227 (33.7) | 91 (41.6) | 120 (34.7) | |||||||||
Chronic anxiety | Yes | 84 (43.1) | 0.056 | 0.122 | 36 (45.0) | 0.039 * | 0.150 | 31 (49.2) | 0.425 | 0.094 | 15 (37.5) | 0.804 | 0.025 |
No | 283 (35.7) | 227 (33.4) | 98 (43.6) | 125 (35.5) | |||||||||
Other mental problems | Yes | 26 (66.7) | <0.001 *** | 0.250 | 9 (56.3) | 0.066 | 0.134 | 8 (66.7) | 0.120 | 0.184 | 4 (36.4) | 0.964 | 0.005 |
No | 341 (35.9) | 254 (34.1) | 121 (43.8) | 136 (35.7) | |||||||||
Overall | 367 (37.1) | 263 (34.6) | 129 (44.8) | 140 (35.7) |
Mental-Health Conditions | Vision Impairment Alone (n = 2550) | Hearing Impairment Alone (n = 1607) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n = 1540) | Men (n = 1010) | Women (n = 814) | Men (n = 793) | |
Depression | 1.403 (1.015–1.940) * | 1.155 (0.701–1.904) | 1.776 (0.960–3.282) | 1.170 (0.604–2.265) |
Chronic anxiety | 1.264 (0.901–1.772) | 1.503 (0.908–2.488) | 1.225 (0.667–2.250) | 0.982 (0.480–2.011) |
Other mental problems | 2.959 (1.434–6.104) ** | 3.053 (0.981–9.496) | 2.580 (0.520–12.796) | 0.503 (0.124–2.049) |
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López-Sánchez, G.F.; Smith, L.; López-Bueno, R.; Pardhan, S. Gender Differences in the Association between Physical Inactivity and Mental-Health Conditions in People with Vision or Hearing Impairment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063307
López-Sánchez GF, Smith L, López-Bueno R, Pardhan S. Gender Differences in the Association between Physical Inactivity and Mental-Health Conditions in People with Vision or Hearing Impairment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063307
Chicago/Turabian StyleLópez-Sánchez, Guillermo F., Lee Smith, Rubén López-Bueno, and Shahina Pardhan. 2022. "Gender Differences in the Association between Physical Inactivity and Mental-Health Conditions in People with Vision or Hearing Impairment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063307