Sexual Violence against Adolescents in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: An Analysis of Reported Cases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Procedures for Data Collection
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Female (n = 522) | Male (n = 39) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | 95%CI | n | (%) | 95% CI | |
Age group | ||||||
10 to 12 years | 169 | 32.4 | 28.50–36.51 | 17 | 43.6 | 29.30–59.02 |
13 to 17 years | 300 | 57.5 | 53.19–61.64 | 19 | 48.7 | 33.87–63.80 |
18 to 19 years | 53 | 10.2 | 7.85–13.04 | 03 | 7.7 | 2.65–20.32 |
Race/color | ||||||
White | 137 | 26.1 | 22.47–29.98 | 06 | 15.4 | 7.25–29.73 |
Non-white | 386 | 73.9 | 70.02–77.53 | 33 | 84.6 | 70.27–92.75 |
Disability/Disorder | ||||||
No | 481 | 92.1 | 89.52–94.16 | 33 | 84.6 | 70.27–92.75 |
Yes | 41 | 7.9 | 5.84–10.48 | 06 | 15.4 | 7.25–29.73 |
Area of residence | ||||||
Urban | 451 | 86.4 | 83.19–89.07 | 35 | 89.7 | 76.42–95.94 |
Rural/Peri-urban | 71 | 13.6 | 10.93–16.81 | 04 | 10.3 | 4.06–23.58 |
Place of occurrence: Home | ||||||
No | 113 | 21.6 | 18.33–25.38 | 08 | 20.5 | 10.78–35.53 |
Yes | 409 | 78.4 | 74.64–81.67 | 31 | 79.5 | 64.47–89.22 |
Occurred other times | ||||||
No | 219 | 42.0 | 37.79–46.23 | 10 | 25.6 | 14.57–41.08 |
Yes | 303 | 58.0 | 53.77–62.21 | 29 | 74.4 | 58.92–85.43 |
Number of perpetrators | ||||||
One | 459 | 87.9 | 84.86–90.45 | 32 | 82.1 | 67.33–91.02 |
Two or more | 63 | 12.1 | 9.55–15.14 | 07 | 17.9 | 8.98–32.67 |
Perpetrator’s age (years) | ||||||
Up to 19 years | 122 | 23.4 | 19.94–27.19 | 08 | 20.5 | 10.78–35.53 |
20 years and older | 400 | 76.6 | 72.81–80.06 | 31 | 79.5 | 64.47–89.22 |
Perpetrator’s sex | ||||||
Both sexes | 07 | 1.3 | 0.65–2.74 | 01 | 2.6 | 0.45–13.18 |
Female | 07 | 1.3 | 0.63–2.74 | 04 | 10.3 | 4.06–23.58 |
Male | 508 | 97.4 | 95.57–98.40 | 34 | 87.1 | 73.29–94.40 |
Relationship with the victim | ||||||
Partners and ex-partners | 77 | 14.8 | 11.97–18.05 | 02 | 5.1 | 1.42–16.89 |
Parental relationship | 147 | 28.2 | 24.47–32.17 | 04 | 10.3 | 4.06–23.58 |
Acquaintance/others | 219 | 41.9 | 37.79–46.23 | 27 | 69.2 | 53.58–81.43 |
Unknown | 79 | 15.1 | 12.32–18.46 | 06 | 15.4 | 7.25–29.73 |
Suspected alcohol use | ||||||
No | 395 | 75.7 | 71.81–79.16 | 30 | 76.9 | 61.66–87.35 |
Yes | 127 | 24.3 | 20.84–28.19 | 09 | 23.1 | 12.65–38.34 |
Referral | ||||||
No | 49 | 9.4 | 7.17–12.19 | 02 | 5.1 | 1.42–16.89 |
Yes | 473 | 90.6 | 87.81–92.83 | 37 | 94.9 | 83.11–98.58 |
Variables | Female (n = 522) | Male (n = 39) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | 95% CI | p-Value | n | (%) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age group | ||||||||
10 to 12 years | 169 | 65.5 | 59.51–71.04 | 0.000 | 17 | 14.9 | 9.52–22.59 | 0.013 |
13 to 17 years | 300 | 41.7 | 38.12–45.30 | 19 | 7.3 | 4.73–11.13 | ||
18 to 19 years | 53 | 18.2 | 14.20–23.05 | 03 | 3.8 | 1.28–10.45 | ||
Race/color | ||||||||
White | 137 | 40.8 | 35.70–46.20 | 0.899 | 06 | 4.9 | 2.27–10.32 | 0.091 |
Non-white | 386 | 41.2 | 38.13–44.42 | 33 | 9.9 | 7.17–13.63 | ||
Disability/Disorder | ||||||||
No | 481 | 40.3 | 37.54–43.09 | 0.014 | 33 | 8.2 | 5.92–11.33 | 0.435 (*) |
Yes | 41 | 54.7 | 43.45–65.43 | 06 | 11.3 | 5.29–22.58 | ||
Area of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 451 | 40.5 | 37.64–43.40 | 0.207 | 35 | 9.2 | 6.72–12.57 | 0.271 |
Rural/Peri-urban | 71 | 45.8 | 38.16–53.66 | 04 | 5.3 | 2.09–12.93 | ||
Place of occurrence: Home | ||||||||
No | 113 | 28.2 | 24.00–32.77 | 0.000 | 08 | 3.5 | 1.77–6.68 | 0.000 |
Yes | 409 | 47.1 | 43.82–50.45 | 31 | 13.9 | 9.97–19.06 | ||
Occurred other times | ||||||||
No | 219 | 36.0 | 32.25–39.85 | 0.000 | 10 | 3.7 | 2.02–6.68 | 0.000 |
Yes | 303 | 45.9 | 42.14–49.72 | 29 | 15.8 | 11.20–21.72 | ||
Number of perpetrators | ||||||||
One | 459 | 44.3 | 41.27–47.30 | 0.000 | 32 | 10.3 | 7.38–14.16 | 0.057 |
Two or more | 63 | 27.2 | 21.84–33.22 | 07 | 4.9 | 2.39–9.76 | ||
Perpetrator’s age (years) | ||||||||
Up to 19 years | 122 | 39.7 | 34.42–45.31 | 0.568 | 08 | 6.1 | 3.10–11.50 | 0.219 |
20 and older | 400 | 41.6 | 38.51–44.72 | 31 | 9.6 | 6.87–13.34 | ||
Perpetrator’s sex | ||||||||
Both sexes | 07 | 10.6 | 5.23–20.31 | 0.000 | 01 | 2.9 | 0.52–14.92 | 0.262 (*) |
Female | 07 | 2.9 | 1.40–5.80 | 04 | 5.2 | 2.04–12.61 | ||
Male | 508 | 53.0 | 49.81–56.11 | 34 | 9.9 | 7.18–13.53 | ||
Relationship with the victim | ||||||||
Partners and ex-partners | 77 | 24.0 | 19.64–28.95 | 0.000 | 02 | 11.8 | 3.29–34.34 | 0.014 (*) |
Parental relationship | 147 | 44.1 | 38.91–49.51 | 04 | 2.9 | 1.12–7.17 | ||
Acquaintance/others | 219 | 45.9 | 41.49–50.40 | 27 | 11.3 | 7.91–16.00 | ||
Unknown | 79 | 57.3 | 48.91–65.19 | 06 | 10.0 | 4.66–20.15 | ||
Suspected alcohol use | ||||||||
No | 395 | 43.8 | 40.63–47.10 | 0.002 | 30 | 9.0 | 6.34–12.50 | 0.642 |
Yes | 127 | 34.5 | 29.84–39.51 | 09 | 7.6 | 4.03–13.75 | ||
Referral | ||||||||
No | 49 | 36.8 | 29.12–45.30 | 0.288 | 02 | 3.8 | 1.04–12.75 | 0.293 (*) |
Yes | 473 | 41.6 | 38.80–44.53 | 37 | 9.2 | 6.77–12.46 |
Variables | Raw Analysis | Adjusted Analysis (**) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p-Value | PR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age group | ||||||
10 to 12 years | 3.60 | 2.78–4.66 | 0.000 | 2.69 | 2.07–3.50 | 0.000 |
13 to 17 years | 2.29 | 1.77–2.96 | 2.05 | 1.58–2.64 | ||
18 to 19 years | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | -- | ||
Race/color | ||||||
White | 1.0 | -- | 0.899 | 1.0 | -- | 0.985 |
Non-white | 1.01 | 0.87–1.17 | 0.99 | 0.93–1.15 | ||
Disability/Disorder | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.014 | 1.0 | -- | 0.176 |
Yes | 1.36 | 1.09–1.69 | 1.17 | 0.93–1.46 | ||
Area of residence | ||||||
Urban | 0.88 | 0.73–1.06 | 0.207 | 0.92 | 0.77–1.09 | 0.312 |
Rural/Peri-urban | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | -- | ||
Place of occurrence: Home | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 |
Yes | 1.67 | 1.41–1.98 | 1.57 | 1.33–1.86 | ||
Occurred other times | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 | 1.0 | -- | 0.001 |
Yes | 1.28 | 1.12–1.46 | 1.21 | 1.08–1.36 | ||
Number of perpetrators | ||||||
One | 1.63 | 1.31–2.03 | 0.000 | 1.58 | 1.28–1.95 | 0.000 |
Two or more | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | -- | ||
Perpetrator’s age (years) | ||||||
Up to 19 years | 1.0 | -- | 0.568 | 1.0 | -- | 0.720 |
20 and older | 1.05 | 0.89–1.22 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.18 | ||
Relationship with the victim | ||||||
Partners and ex-partners | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 |
Parental relationship | 1.84 | 1.46–2.31 | 1.25 | 1.01–1.54 | ||
Acquaintance/others | 1.91 | 1.54–2.38 | 1.70 | 1.39–2.07 | ||
Unknown | 2.39 | 1.87–3.04 | 1.92 | 1.57–2.34 | ||
Suspected alcohol use | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.002 | 1.0 | -- | 0.271 |
Yes | 0.79 | 0.67–0.92 | 0.92 | 0.79–1.06 |
Variables | Raw Analysis | Adjusted Analysis (**) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p-Value | PR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age group | ||||||
10 to 12 years | 3.98 | 1.21–13.12 | 0.013 | 3.47 | 1.01–11.92 | 0.037 |
13 to 17 years | 1.95 | 0.59–6.42 | 2.34 | 0.69–7.89 | ||
18 to 19 years | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | -- | ||
Race/color | ||||||
White | 1.0 | -- | 0.091 | 1.0 | -- | 0.982 |
Non-white | 2.02 | 0.87–4.70 | 1.01 | 0.51–1.97 | ||
Disability/Disorder | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.435 (*) | 1.0 | -- | 0.377 |
Yes | 1.38 | 0.61–3.13 | 1.23 | 0.78–1.95 | ||
Area of residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.73 | 0.63–4.73 | 0.271 | 1.03 | 0.42–2.56 | 0.942 |
Rural/Peri-urban | 1.0 | -- | 1.0 | -- | ||
Place of occurrence: Home | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 |
Yes | 4.01 | 1.89–8.54 | 4.44 | 1.97–10.01 | ||
Occurred other times | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 |
Yes | 4.26 | 2.13–8.52 | 3.56 | 1.71–7.39 | ||
Number of perpetrators | ||||||
One | 2.10 | 0.95–4.65 | 0.057 | 1.61 | 0.77–3.35 | 0.239 |
Two or more | 1 | -- | 1 | -- | ||
Perpetrator’s age (years) | ||||||
Up to 19 years old | 1.0 | -- | 0.218 | 1.0 | -- | 0.020 |
20 and older | 1.59 | 0.75–3.36 | 2.04 | 1.03–4.02 | ||
Relationship with the victim | ||||||
Partners and ex-partners | 1.0 | -- | 0.018 | 1.0 | -- | 0.000 |
Parental relationship | 0.24 | 0.05–1.24 | 0.12 | 0.03–0.53 | ||
Acquaintance/others | 0.96 | 0.25–3.72 | 1.61 | 0.49–5.29 | ||
Unknown | 0.85 | 0.19–3.84 | 2.17 | 0.56–8.42 | ||
Suspected alcohol use | ||||||
No | 1.0 | -- | 0.642 | 1.0 | -- | 0.937 |
Yes | 0.84 | 0.41–1.73 | 1.01 | 0.55–1.82 |
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Luis, M.A.; Leite, F.M.C.; Letourneau, N.; Monroy, N.A.J.; de Godoi, L.G.; Lopes-Júnior, L.C. Sexual Violence against Adolescents in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: An Analysis of Reported Cases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114481
Luis MA, Leite FMC, Letourneau N, Monroy NAJ, de Godoi LG, Lopes-Júnior LC. Sexual Violence against Adolescents in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: An Analysis of Reported Cases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(21):14481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114481
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuis, Mayara Alves, Franciéle Marabotti Costa Leite, Nicole Letourneau, Nátaly Adriana Jiménez Monroy, Luciana Graziela de Godoi, and Luís Carlos Lopes-Júnior. 2022. "Sexual Violence against Adolescents in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: An Analysis of Reported Cases" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21: 14481. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114481