How Safety Climate Impacts Safety Voice—Investigating the Mediating Role of Psychological Safety from a Social Cognitive Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis
2.1. Safety Voice
2.2. Safety Climate
2.3. Psychological Safety
2.4. Social Cognitive Theory
2.5. Hypothesis
2.5.1. Safety Climate and Safety Voice
2.5.2. The Mediating Role of Psychological Safety
3. Methods
3.1. Sample and Procedure
3.2. Variable Measurement
3.2.1. Safety Climate
3.2.2. Safety Voice
3.2.3. Psychological Safety
3.2.4. Control Variables
4. Results
4.1. Validity Analysis
4.2. Homogeneous Bias Analysis
4.3. Descriptive Analysis
4.4. Hypothesis Test
4.4.1. Main Effects Test
4.4.2. Mediating Effect Test
5. Discussion
5.1. Discussion of Results
5.2. Research Implications
5.2.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | Author | Items |
---|---|---|
Safety Climate | Neal et al. [102] | 1. Management places a strong emphasis on workplace health and safety. 2. Safety is given a high priority by management. 3. Management considers safety to be important. |
Psychological Safety | Liang et al. [82] | 1. In my work unit, I can express my true feelings regarding my job. 2. In my work unit, I can freely express my thoughts. 3. In my work unit, expressing your true feelings is welcomed. 4. Nobody in my unit will pick on me even if I have different opinions. 5. I’m worried that expressing true thoughts in my workplace would do harm to myself (reverse-coded). |
Safety Voice | Tucker et al. [36] | 1. I make suggestions about how safety can be improved. 2. I tell my colleague who is doing something unsafe to stop. 3. I discuss new ways to improve safe driving with my colleagues or boss. 4. I inform the union/boss when I notice a potential driving hazard. 5. I report to my boss if my colleagues break any safety rules. |
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Items | Sample Classification | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 139 | 55.8 |
Female | 110 | 44.2 | |
Age | 25 years old and below | 95 | 38.2 |
26–35 years old | 85 | 34.1 | |
36–45 years old | 53 | 21.3 | |
45 years old and above | 16 | 6.4 | |
Education Level | High school and below | 19 | 7.6 |
College | 50 | 20.1 | |
Bachelor | 122 | 49.0 | |
Postgraduate and above | 58 | 23.3 | |
Position | Front-line employee | 164 | 65.9 |
Grass-roots manager | 58 | 23.3 | |
Middle/Senior management | 27 | 10.8 | |
Work Experience | 1 year and below | 87 | 34.9 |
1–3 years | 50 | 20.1 | |
3–7 years | 74 | 29.7 | |
7 years and above | 38 | 15.3 |
Model | Factor | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three-factor model | SC, PS, SV | 138.363 | 61 | 2.268 | 0.071 | 0.930 | 0.911 |
Two-factor model A | SC and PS, SV | 337.516 | 64 | 5.274 | 0.131 | 0.753 | 0.699 |
Two-factor model B | SC, PS and SV | 293.465 | 64 | 4.585 | 0.120 | 0.793 | 0.747 |
Two-factor model C | SC and SV, PS | 262.962 | 64 | 4.109 | 0.112 | 0.820 | 0.781 |
One-factor model | SC, PS and SV | 409.704 | 65 | 6.303 | 0.146 | 0.689 | 0.626 |
Variable | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 1.44 | 0.5 | 1 | |||||||
2. Age | 1.96 | 0.92 | −0.338 ** | 1 | ||||||
3. Education | 2.88 | 0.85 | 0.78 | −0.185 ** | 1 | |||||
4. Position | 1.45 | 0.68 | −0.112 | 0.406 ** | 0.287 ** | 1 | ||||
5. Working years | 2.25 | 1.09 | −0.413 ** | 0.752 ** | −0.067 | 0.451 ** | 1 | |||
6. Safety climate | 4.02 | 0.63 | −0.033 | −0.033 | 0.185 ** | 0.227 ** | 0.12 | 1 | ||
7. Psychological safety | 3.39 | 0.7 | −0.079 | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.185 ** | 0.167 ** | 0.406 ** | 1 | |
8. Safety voice | 3.75 | 0.6 | −0.063 ** | 0.169 ** | 0.224 ** | 0.344 ** | 0.212 ** | 0.524 ** | 0.444 ** | 1 |
Variable/ Model | Psychological Safety | Safety Voice | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
Gender | −0.028 | −0.025 | −0.001 | 0.002 | 0.010 |
Age | −0.063 | −0.016 | 0.037 | 0.094 | 0.062 |
Education | 0.014 | −0.032 | 0.168 * | 0.112 | 0.162 ** |
Position | 0.140 | 0.071 | 0.242 ** | 0.159 * | 0.187 ** |
Working years | 0.140 | 0.088 | 0.086 | 0.023 | 0.031 |
Safety climate | 0.385 *** | 0.461 *** | |||
Psychological safety | 0.390 *** | ||||
F | 0.323 * | 9.013 *** | 8.260 *** | 20.970 *** | 16.503 *** |
0.046 | 0.183 | 0.145 | 0.342 | 0.290 | |
0.137 | 0.197 | 0.145 |
Variable/Model | Safety Voice | |
---|---|---|
Model 6 | Model 7 | |
Gender | 0.002 | 0.009 |
Age | 0.094 | 0.098 |
Education | 0.112 | 0.120 * |
Position | 0.159 * | 0.141 * |
Working years | 0.023 | 0.000 |
Safety climate | 0.461 *** | 0.363 *** |
Psychological safety | 0.254 *** | |
F | 20.970 *** | 22.473 *** |
0.342 | 0.395 | |
0.053 |
Effect | Boot SE | Boot LLCI | Boot ULCI | Relative Effect Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total effect | 0.4914 | 0.0508 | 0.3913 | 0.5915 | |
Direct effect | 0.3858 | 0.5320 | 0.2810 | 0.4906 | 78.51% |
Mediating effect | 0.1056 | 0.0333 | 0.0516 | 0.1793 | 21.49% |
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Sun, Y.; Yang, H.; Wu, X.; Jiang, Y.; Qian, C. How Safety Climate Impacts Safety Voice—Investigating the Mediating Role of Psychological Safety from a Social Cognitive Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911867
Sun Y, Yang H, Wu X, Jiang Y, Qian C. How Safety Climate Impacts Safety Voice—Investigating the Mediating Role of Psychological Safety from a Social Cognitive Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911867
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yunfeng, Hao Yang, Xiang Wu, Yifeng Jiang, and Chongyang Qian. 2022. "How Safety Climate Impacts Safety Voice—Investigating the Mediating Role of Psychological Safety from a Social Cognitive Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911867