Are the Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Interpersonal Interaction of Junior College Students Related to the Solitude Capacity?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subject Recruitment
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Demographics
3.2. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Analysis
3.3. Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Evans, F.B., III. Harry Stack Sullivan: Interpersonal Theory and Psychotherapy; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2006; Volume 3. [Google Scholar]
- Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. In Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger; The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis: New York, NY, USA, 1973; pp. 1–429. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.M.; Rubin, K.H.; Laursen, B.; Booth-LaForce, C.; Rose-Krasnor, L. Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. J. Clin. Child. Adolesc. Psychol. 2013, 42, 834–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Burger, J.M. Individual differences in preference for solitude. J. Res. Personal. 1995, 29, 85–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larson, R.W. The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Dev. Rev. 1990, 10, 155–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchholz, E.S. The Call of Solitude: Alonetime in a World of Attachment; Simon and Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, P.-H.; Wang, P.-Y.; Lin, Y.-L.; Yang, S.-Y. Is It Weird to Enjoy Solitude? Relationship of Solitude Capacity with Personality Traits and Physical and Mental Health in Junior College Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020, 17, 5060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, C.R.; Seburn, M.; Averill, J.R.; More, T.A. Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences. Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2003, 29, 578–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koller, A. The Stations of Solitude; William Morrow & Company: New York, NY, USA, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Csikszentmihalyi, M.; Rathunde, K.; Whalen, S. Talented Teenagers: The Roots of Success and Failure; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Larson, R.; Lee, M. The capacity to be alone as a stress buffer. J. Soc. Psychol. 1996, 136, 5–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.M. Preference-for-solitude and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2016, 100, 151–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.M.; Duong, M.; Schwartz, D.; Chang, L.; Luo, T. Interpersonal and personal antecedents and consequences of peer victimization across middle childhood in Hong Kong. J. Youth Adolesc. 2014, 43, 1934–1945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Antonopoulou, K.; Chaidemenou, A.; Kouvava, S. Peer acceptance and friendships among primary school pupils: Associations with loneliness, self-esteem and school engagement. Educ. Psychol. Pract. 2019, 35, 339–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, F.-Y.; Chiu, S.-I.; Huang, D.-H.; Chiu, S.-L. Correlations among classroom emotional climate, social self-efficacy, and psychological health of university students in Taiwan. Educ. Urban. Soc. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Long, C.R.; Averill, J.R. Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone. J. Theory Soc. Behav. 2003, 33, 21–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coplan, R.J.; Ooi, L.L.; Nocita, G. When one is company and two is a crowd: Why some children prefer solitude. Child. Dev. Perspect. 2015, 9, 133–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goossens, L.; Lasgaard, M.; Luyckx, K.; Vanhalst, J.; Mathias, S.; Masy, E. Loneliness and solitude in adolescence: A confirmatory factor analysis of alternative models. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2009, 47, 890–894. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barreto, M.; Victor, C.; Hammond, C.; Eccles, A.; Richins, M.T.; Qualter, P. Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2020, 110066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Öner, K.; Arslantaş, H. Loneliness and associated factors in high school adolescents: Cross-sectional analytic study from Turkey. J. Med Bras. 2017, 1, 25–36. [Google Scholar]
- Pyle, E.; Evans, D. Loneliness-what characteristics and circumstances are associated with feeling lonely. In Analysis of Characteristics and Circumstances Associated with Loneliness in England Using the Community Life Survey; Office for National Statistics: London, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Page, R.M.; Hammermeister, J. Shyness and loneliness: Relationship to the exercise frequency of college students. Psychol. Rep. 1995, 76, 395–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mullins, L.C.; Sheppard, H.L.; Andersson, L. Loneliness and social isolation in Sweden: Differences in age, sex, labor force status, self-rated health, and income adequacy. J. Appl. Gerontol. 1991, 10, 455–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Erikson, E.H. Identity: Youth and Crisis; WW Norton & company: New York, NY, USA, 1968. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, T.-R. The Study of the Solitude Experiences among High Solitude Ability; Chinese Culture University: Taipei, Taiwan, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rosenberg, M. Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Accept. Commit. Ther. Meas. Package. 1965, 61, 18. [Google Scholar]
- Jerusalem, M.; Schwarzer, R. Generalized self-efficacy scale. Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal Control Beliefs 1995, 1, 35–37. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, J.X.; Schwarzer, R. Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychol. Int. J. Psychol. Orient. 1995, 38, 174–181. [Google Scholar]
- Su, Y.-S. The Relationship among Attachment Styles, Emotional Intelligence, and Interpersonal Relationships of University Students; National Pingtung University: Pingtung, Taiwan, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, L.-C.; Chen, S.-F. Relationships among the Ability to be Alone, Subjective Life Stress and Mental Health in Junior gh School Students. Bull. Ofeducational Psychol. 2006, 38, 85–104. [Google Scholar]
- Coplan, R.J.; Closson, L.M.; Arbeau, K.A. Gender differences in the behavioral associates of loneliness and social dissatisfaction in kindergarten. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry 2007, 48, 988–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, P.-Y.; Lin, P.-H.; Lin, C.-Y.; Yang, S.-Y.; Chen, K.-L. Does Interpersonal Interaction Really Improve Emotion, Sleep Quality, and Self-Efficacy among Junior College Students? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020, 17, 4542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaremka, L.M.; Fagundes, C.P.; Peng, J.; Belury, M.A.; Andridge, R.R.; Malarkey, W.B.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. Loneliness predicts postprandial ghrelin and hunger in women. Horm. Behav. 2015, 70, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ciobanu, R.O.; Fokkema, T. The role of religion in protecting older Romanian migrants from loneliness. J. Ethn. Migr. Stud. 2017, 43, 199–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, S.X.; Leung, L. Gratification, loneliness, leisure boredom, and self-esteem as predictors of SNS-game addiction and usage pattern among Chinese college students. In Internet and Technology Addiction: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice; IGI Global: Hershey, PA, USA, 2019; pp. 613–629. [Google Scholar]
- Eshbaugh, E.M. Friend and Family Support as Moderators of the Effects of Low Romantic Partner Support on Loneliness among College Women. Individ. Differ. Res. 2010, 8, 1. [Google Scholar]
- Marquandt, D. You should standardize the predictor variables in your regression models. Discussion of: A critique of some ridge regression methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1980, 75, 87–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McWhirter, B.T.; Besett-Alesch, T.M.; Horibata, J.; Gat, I. Loneliness in high risk adolescents: The role of coping, self-esteem, and empathy. J. Youth Stud. 2002, 5, 69–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Kong, F.; Wang, Y. The role of social support and self-esteem in the relationship between shyness and loneliness. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2013, 54, 577–581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, J.; Kong, F.; Wang, Y. Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2012, 52, 686–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, F.; You, X. Loneliness and self-esteem as mediators between social support and life satisfaction in late adolescence. Soc. Indic. Res. 2013, 110, 271–279. [Google Scholar]
- Mahon, N.E.; Yarcheski, A.; Yarcheski, T.J.; Cannella, B.L.; Hanks, M.M. A meta-analytic study of predictors for loneliness during adolescence. Nurs. Res. 2006, 55, 308–315. [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman, M.A.; Ushpiz, V.; Levy-Shiff, R. Social support and self-esteem in adolescence. J. Youth Adolesc. 1988, 17, 307–316. [Google Scholar]
- Ekeland, E.; Heian, F.; Hagen, K.B.; Abbott, J.M.; Nordheim, L. Exercise to improve self-esteem in children and young people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2004, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodebaugh, T.L. Self-efficacy and social behavior. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006, 44, 1831–1838. [Google Scholar]
- Moksnes, U.K.; Eilertsen, M.E.B.; Ringdal, R.; Bjørnsen, H.N.; Rannestad, T. Life satisfaction in association with self-efficacy and stressor experience in adolescents–self-efficacy as a potential moderator. Scand. J. Caring Sci. 2019, 33, 222–230. [Google Scholar]
- Su, L.-H. A Study of Students’ Mental Health, Interpersonal Relationship inside the Campus and Learning Self-efficacy. Forum Educ. Adm. 2015, 7, 95–117. [Google Scholar]
- Maciejewski, P.K.; Prigerson, H.G.; Mazure, C.M. Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Differences based on history of prior depression. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2000, 176, 373–378. [Google Scholar]
- Jerusalem, M.; Schwarzer, R. Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action; Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, USA, 1992; p. 195213. [Google Scholar]
- Pervin, L.; Cervone, D. Personality: Theory and Research, 9th ed.; John Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Jones, G. From paradigm to paradox: Parental support and transitions to independence. In Transitions from School to Work: Globalization, Individualization, and Patterns of Diversity; Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 145–164. [Google Scholar]
- Morris, A.S.; Criss, M.M.; Silk, J.S.; Houltberg, B.J. The impact of parenting on emotion regulation during childhood and adolescence. Child. Dev. Perspect. 2017, 11, 233–238. [Google Scholar]
- Roberts, R.E.; Bengtson, V.L. Relationships with parents, self-esteem, and psychological well-being in young adulthood. Soc. Psychol. Q. 1993, 56, 263–277. [Google Scholar]
- Teppers, E.; Klimstra, T.A.; Damme, C.V.; Luyckx, K.; Vanhalst, J.; Goossens, L. Personality traits, loneliness, and attitudes toward aloneness in adolescence. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 2013, 30, 1045–1063. [Google Scholar]
Demographic Variable | Total |
---|---|
n = 562 | |
Sex | |
Male | 267 (47.5%) |
Female | 295 (52.5%) |
Age (mean ± SD) | 17.51 ± 1.27 |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 20.68 ± 3.66 |
Religion (n, %) | |
No | 323 (57.5%) |
Yes | 239 (42.5%) |
Exercise per week | |
0–1 days | 296 (52.7%) |
2–3 days | 188 (33.5%) |
≥4 days | 78 (13.9%) |
Monthly allowance | |
< 4000 NTD | 255 (45.4%) |
4000–5999 NTD | 136 (24.2%) |
6000–7999 NTD | 54 (9.6%) |
≥8000 NTD | 117 (20.8%) |
Relationship status (have a boy/girl friend) | |
No | 365 (64.9%) |
Yes | 197 (35.1%) |
Type of residence | |
Home | 381 (67.8%) |
School dormitory | 54 (9.6%) |
Off-campus rental house | 127 (22.6%) |
Variable | Total Score | Solitary Coping (Subscale) | Solitary Comfort (Subscale) |
---|---|---|---|
RSE | 0.18 ** | 0.07 | 0.26 ** |
GSE | 0.16 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.15 ** |
IRS | |||
Total score | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 * |
Social acceptance | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Relationship with family | 0.11 ** | 0.07 | 0.14 ** |
Sense of humor | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Peer relationship | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
Close friendship | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
Dependent Variables | Solitude Capacity Scale (Total Score) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variables | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | B | SE | Beta | 95% CI | p | |
RSE total score | 0.05 | 0.04 | 3.01 | 0.28 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.14, 0.42 | <0.01 ** | |
GSE total score | 0.05 | 0.04 | 3.06 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.10, 0.29 | <0.01 ** | |
IRS total score | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.74 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | −0.01, 0.10 | 0.13 | |
IRS subscales | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.56 | ||||||
Social acceptance | −0.05 | 0.26 | −0.02 | −0.56, 0.45 | 0.84 | ||||
Relationship with family | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.02, 0.52 | 0.03 * | ||||
Sense of humor | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.05 | −0.23, 0.52 | 0.45 | ||||
Peer relationship | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.05 | −0.38, 0.74 | 0.53 | ||||
Close friendship | −0.28 | 0.26 | −0.10 | −0.80, 0.24 | 0.29 |
Dependent Variables | Solitary Coping Subscale | Solitary Comfort Subscale | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variables | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | B | SE | Beta | 95% CI | p | R2 | Adjusted R2 | F | B | SE | Beta | 95% CI | p | |
RSE total score | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.29 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.02, 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 6.12 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.24 | 0.14, 0.29 | <0.01 ** | |
GSE total score | 0.04 | 0.02 | 2.48 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.04, 0.15 | <0.01 ** | 0.06 | 0.04 | 3.84 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.05, 0.15 | <0.01 ** | |
IRS total score | 0.02 | 0.00 | 1.16 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.02, 0.05 | 0.31 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 2.71 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.08 | −0.00, 0.06 | 0.07 | |
IRS subscales | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 2.42 | |||||||||||
Social acceptance | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.02 | −0.31, 0.25 | 0.85 | −0.00 | 0.14 | −0.00 | −0.27, 0.27 | 0.98 | |||||||
Relationship with family | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 | −0.06, 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.06, 0.32 | <0.01 ** | |||||||
Sense of humor | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.10, 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.02 | −0.17, 0.23 | 0.77 | |||||||
Peer relationship | 0.05 | 0.16 | 0.02 | −0.26, 0.36 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.05 | −0.19, 0.41 | 0.47 | |||||||
Close friendship | −0.11 | 0.15 | −0.07 | −0.40, 0.18 | 0.44 | −0.17 | 0.14 | −0.11 | −0.45, 0.11 | 0.22 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, S.-Y.; Fu, S.-H.; Wang, P.-Y.; Lin, Y.-L.; Lin, P.-H. Are the Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Interpersonal Interaction of Junior College Students Related to the Solitude Capacity? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218274
Yang S-Y, Fu S-H, Wang P-Y, Lin Y-L, Lin P-H. Are the Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Interpersonal Interaction of Junior College Students Related to the Solitude Capacity? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218274
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Shang-Yu, Shih-Hau Fu, Po-Yu Wang, Ying-Lien Lin, and Pin-Hsuan Lin. 2020. "Are the Self-esteem, Self-efficacy, and Interpersonal Interaction of Junior College Students Related to the Solitude Capacity?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8274. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218274