Does the Registered Dentists’ Program Alleviate the Socioeconomic Gap in the Use of Dental Sealants?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Study Variable
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | 3rd Grade (2011) | 4th Grade (2012) | 5th Grade (2013) | 6th Grade (2014) | 7th Grade (2015) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | |||||||||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
Total | 1785 | (100.0) | 268 | (15.0) | 1735 | (100.0) | 180 | (10.4) | 1724 | (100.0) | 243 | (14.1) | 1710 | (100.0) | 297 | (17.4) | 1707 | (100.0) | 161 | (9.4) |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
Boys | 932 | (52.2) | 144 | (15.5) | 910 | (52.4) | 105 | (11.5) | 897 | (52.0) | 126 | (14.0) | 893 | (52.2) | 134 | (15.0) * | 895 | (52.4) | 92 | (10.3) |
Girls | 853 | (47.8) | 124 | (14.5) | 825 | (47.6) | 75 | (9.1) | 827 | (48.0) | 117 | (14.1) | 813 | (47.8) | 163 | (20.0) | 812 | (47.6) | 69 | (8.5) |
Insurance type | ||||||||||||||||||||
Medicaid | 26 | (1.5) | 1 | (3.8) | 26 | (1.5) | 4 | (15.4) | 28 | (1.6) | 3 | (10.7) | 31 | (1.8) | 5 | (16.1) | 31 | (1.8) | 3 | (9.7) |
Self-employed | 568 | (31.8) | 80 | (14.1) | 522 | (30.1) | 42 | (8.0) | 500 | (29.0) | 68 | (13.6) | 477 | (27.9) | 71 | (14.9) | 463 | (27.1) | 32 | (6.9) |
Employee | 1191 | (66.7) | 187 | (15.7) | 1187 | (68.4) | 134 | (11.3) | 1196 | (69.4) | 172 | (14.4) | 1202 | (70.3) | 221 | (18.4) | 1213 | (71.1) | 126 | (10.4) |
Income quintile | ||||||||||||||||||||
Self-employed | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 42 | (7.4) | 8 | (19.0) | 44 | (8.4) | - | (0.0) * | 43 | (8.6) | 4 | (9.3) | 48 | (10.1) | 2 | (4.2) | 54 | (11.7) | 4 | (7.4) |
2nd | 84 | (14.8) | 8 | (9.5) | 80 | (15.3) | 6 | (7.5) | 62 | (12.4) | 6 | (9.7) | 56 | (11.7) | 5 | (8.9) | 50 | (10.8) | 3 | (6.0) |
3rd | 125 | (22.0) | 14 | (11.2) | 118 | (22.6) | 7 | (5.9) | 129 | (25.8) | 18 | (14.0) | 107 | (22.4) | 17 | (15.9) | 105 | (22.7) | 6 | (5.7) |
4th | 152 | (26.8) | 26 | (17.1) | 128 | (24.5) | 19 | (14.8) | 123 | (24.6) | 19 | (15.4) | 120 | (25.2) | 20 | (16.7) | 119 | (25.7) | 6 | (5.0) |
5th | 165 | (29.0) | 24 | (14.5) | 152 | (29.1) | 10 | (6.6) | 143 | (28.6) | 21 | (14.7) | 146 | (30.6) | 27 | (18.5) | 135 | (29.2) | 13 | (9.6) |
Employee | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 123 | (10.4) | 11 | (8.9) | 124 | (10.5) | 9 | (7.3) | 144 | (12.1) | 16 | (11.1) | 138 | (11.5) | 20 | (14.5) | 172 | (14.3) | 12 | (7.0) |
2nd | 101 | (8.5) | 15 | (14.9) | 125 | (10.6) | 11 | (8.8) | 93 | (7.8) | 17 | (18.3) | 109 | (9.1) | 17 | (15.6) | 95 | (7.9) | 9 | (9.5) |
3rd | 150 | (12.7) | 26 | (17.3) | 132 | (11.2) | 15 | (11.4) | 157 | (13.2) | 25 | (15.9) | 144 | (12.1) | 25 | (17.4) | 155 | (12.9) | 11 | (7.1) |
4th | 298 | (25.2) | 46 | (15.4) | 276 | (23.4) | 32 | (11.6) | 250 | (21.0) | 29 | (11.6) | 261 | (21.8) | 55 | (21.1) | 227 | (18.9) | 28 | (12.3) |
5th | 511 | (43.2) | 87 | (17.0) | 522 | (44.3) | 65 | (12.5) | 544 | (45.8) | 85 | (15.6) | 543 | (45.4) | 104 | (19.2) | 554 | (46.1) | 66 | (11.9) |
Participation | ||||||||||||||||||||
No | 1374 | (77.0) | 204 | (14.8) | 1330 | (76.7) | 129 | (9.7) | 1323 | (76.7) | 160 | (12.1) *** | 1311 | (76.7) | 206 | (15.7) ** | 1307 | (76.6) | 128 | (9.8) |
Yes | 411 | (23.0) | 64 | (15.6) | 405 | (23.3) | 51 | (12.6) | 401 | (23.3) | 83 | (20.7) | 399 | (23.3) | 91 | (22.8) | 400 | (23.4) | 33 | (8.3) |
Variables | 3rd Grade (2011) | 4th Grade (2012) | 5th Grade (2013) | 6th Grade (2014) | 7th Grade (2015) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealant | Subject | with Sealan | |||||||||||
N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | N | (%) | |
Case (participation = yes) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 411 | (100.0) | 64 | (15.6) | 405 | (100.0) | 51 | (12.6) | 401 | (100.0) | 83 | (20.7) | 399 | (100.0) | 91 | (22.8) | 400 | (100.0) | 33 | (8.3) |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
Boys | 219 | (53.3) | 31 | (14.2) | 218 | (53.8) | 28 | (12.8) | 207 | (51.6) | 44 | (21.3) | 203 | (50.9) | 41 | (20.2) | 205 | (51.3) | 21 | (10.2) |
Girls | 192 | (46.7) | 33 | (17.2) | 187 | (46.2) | 23 | (12.3) | 194 | (48.4) | 39 | (20.1) | 196 | (49.1) | 50 | (25.5) | 195 | (48.8) | 12 | (6.2) |
Insurance type | ||||||||||||||||||||
Medicaid | 8 | (1.9) | 1 | (12.5) | 7 | (1.7) | - | (0.0) | 8 | (2.0) | 2 | (25.0) | 11 | (2.8) | 3 | (27.3) | 12 | (3.0) | - | (0.0) |
Self-employed | 131 | (31.9) | 22 | (16.8) | 121 | (29.9) | 10 | (8.3) | 115 | (28.7) | 28 | (24.3) | 107 | (26.8) | 25 | (23.4) | 105 | (26.3) | 6 | (5.7) |
Employee | 272 | (66.2) | 41 | (15.1) | 277 | (68.4) | 41 | (14.8) | 278 | (69.3) | 53 | (19.1) | 281 | (70.4) | 63 | (22.4) | 283 | (70.8) | 27 | (9.5) |
Income quintile | ||||||||||||||||||||
Self-employed | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 11 | (8.4) | 4 | (36.4) | 11 | (9.1) | - | (0.0) | 10 | (8.7) | 1 | (10.0) | 15 | (14.0) | - | (0.0) | 13 | (12.4) | - | (0.0) |
2nd | 11 | (8.4) | 1 | (9.1) | 17 | (14.0) | 3 | (17.6) | 13 | (11.3) | 2 | (15.4) | 10 | (9.3) | 3 | (30.0) | 12 | (11.4) | 1 | (8.3) |
3rd | 38 | (29.0) | 5 | (13.2) | 29 | (24.0) | 1 | (3.4) | 34 | (29.6) | 10 | (29.4) | 21 | (19.6) | 6 | (28.6) | 24 | (22.9) | 2 | (8.3) |
4th | 33 | (25.2) | 5 | (15.2) | 28 | (23.1) | 4 | (14.3) | 24 | (20.9) | 8 | (33.3) | 29 | (27.1) | 6 | (20.7) | 27 | (25.7) | 1 | (3.7) |
5th | 38 | (29.0) | 7 | (18.4) | 36 | (29.8) | 2 | (5.6) | 34 | (29.6) | 7 | (20.6) | 32 | (29.9) | 10 | (31.3) | 29 | (27.6) | 2 | (6.9) |
Employee | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 38 | (14.1) | 4 | (10.5) | 39 | (14.2) | 4 | (10.3) | 35 | (12.6) | 7 | (20.0) | 31 | (11.1) | 8 | (25.8) | 37 | (13.1) | 2 | (5.4) |
2nd | 13 | (4.8) | 1 | (7.7) | 21 | (7.6) | 7 | (33.3) | 22 | (7.9) | 6 | (27.3) | 32 | (11.4) | 3 | (9.4) | 23 | (8.2) | 2 | (8.7) |
3rd | 27 | (10.0) | 5 | (18.5) | 24 | (8.7) | 10 | (41.7) | 36 | (13.0) | 10 | (27.8) | 33 | (11.8) | 5 | (15.2) | 35 | (12.4) | 2 | (5.7) |
4th | 80 | (29.6) | 11 | (13.8) | 78 | (28.4) | 17 | (21.8) | 71 | (25.6) | 12 | (16.9) | 71 | (25.4) | 21 | (29.6) | 66 | (23.4) | 6 | (9.1) |
5th | 112 | (41.5) | 20 | (17.9) | 113 | (41.1) | 54 | (47.8) | 113 | (40.8) | 18 | (15.9) | 113 | (40.4) | 26 | (23.0) | 121 | (42.9) | 15 | (12.4) |
Control (participation = no) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 1374 | (100.0) | 204 | (14.8) | 1330 | (100.0) | 129 | (9.7) | 1323 | (100.0) | 160 | (12.1) | 1311 | (100.0) | 206 | (15.7) | 1307 | (100.0) | 128 | (9.8) |
Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
Boys | 713 | (51.9) | 113 | (15.8) | 692 | (52.0) | 77 | (11.1) | 690 | (52.2) | 82 | (11.9) | 690 | (52.6) | 93 | (13.5) * | 690 | (52.8) | 71 | (10.3) |
Girls | 661 | (48.1) | 91 | (13.8) | 638 | (48.0) | 52 | (8.2) | 633 | (47.8) | 78 | (12.3) | 621 | (47.4) | 113 | (18.2) | 617 | (47.2) | 57 | (9.2) |
Insurance type | ||||||||||||||||||||
Medicaid | 18 | (1.3) | - | (0.0) | 19 | (1.4) | 4 | (21.1) | 20 | (1.5) | 1 | (5.0) | 20 | (1.5) | 2 | (10.0) | 19 | (1.5) | 3 | (15.8) |
Self-employed | 437 | (31.8) | 58 | (13.3) | 401 | (30.2) | 32 | (8.0) | 385 | (29.1) | 40 | (10.4) | 370 | (28.2) | 46 | (12.4) | 358 | (27.4) | 26 | (7.3) |
Employee | 919 | (66.9) | 146 | (15.9) | 910 | (68.4) | 93 | (10.2) | 918 | (69.4) | 119 | (13.0) | 921 | (70.3) | 158 | (17.2) | 930 | (71.2) | 99 | (10.6) |
Income quintile | ||||||||||||||||||||
Self-employed | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 31 | (7.1) | 4 | (12.9) | 33 | (8.2) | - | (0.0) * | 33 | (8.6) | 3 | (9.1) | 33 | (8.9) | 2 | (6.1) | 41 | (11.5) | 4 | (9.8) |
2nd | 73 | (16.7) | 7 | (9.6) | 63 | (15.7) | 3 | (4.8) | 49 | (12.7) | 4 | (8.2) | 46 | (12.4) | 2 | (4.3) | 38 | (10.6) | 2 | (5.3) |
3rd | 87 | (19.9) | 9 | (10.3) | 89 | (22.2) | 6 | (6.7) | 95 | (24.7) | 8 | (8.4) | 86 | (23.2) | 11 | (12.8) | 81 | (22.6) | 4 | (4.9) |
4th | 119 | (27.2) | 21 | (17.6) | 100 | (24.9) | 15 | (15.0) | 99 | (25.7) | 11 | (11.1) | 91 | (24.6) | 14 | (15.4) | 92 | (25.7) | 5 | (5.4) |
5th | 127 | (29.1) | 17 | (13.4) | 116 | (28.9) | 8 | (6.9) | 109 | (28.3) | 14 | (12.8) | 114 | (30.8) | 17 | (14.9) | 106 | (29.6) | 11 | (10.4) |
Employee | ||||||||||||||||||||
1st | 85 | (9.3) | 7 | (8.2) | 85 | (9.4) | 4 | (4.7) | 109 | (12.0) | 9 | (8.3) | 107 | (11.7) | 12 | (11.2) | 135 | (14.7) | 10 | (7.4) |
2nd | 88 | (9.6) | 14 | (15.9) | 104 | (11.5) | 7 | (6.7) | 71 | (7.8) | 11 | (15.5) | 77 | (8.4) | 14 | (18.2) | 72 | (7.8) | 7 | (9.7) |
3rd | 123 | (13.5) | 21 | (17.1) | 108 | (11.9) | 10 | (9.3) | 121 | (13.3) | 15 | (12.4) | 111 | (12.1) | 20 | (18.0) | 120 | (13.0) | 9 | (7.5) |
4th | 218 | (23.9) | 35 | (16.1) | 198 | (21.9) | 17 | (8.6) | 179 | (19.6) | 17 | (9.5) | 190 | (20.8) | 34 | (17.9) | 161 | (17.5) | 22 | (13.7) |
5th | 399 | (43.7) | 67 | (16.8) | 409 | (45.2) | 54 | (13.2) | 431 | (47.3) | 67 | (15.5) | 430 | (47.0) | 78 | (18.1) | 433 | (47.0) | 51 | (11.8) |
(= Reference) | Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Total | |||
Gender (= Boys) | |||
Girls | 1.00(0.87−1.15) | 1.00(0.87−1.15) | 1.00(0.87−1.15) |
Insurance type (= Medicaid) | |||
Self-employed | 1.03(0.57−1.85) | 1.03(0.57−1.85) | 1.06(0.59−1.91) |
Employee | 1.28(0.72−2.29) | 1.28(0.72−2.29) | 1.32(0.74−2.36) |
Participation (= No) | |||
Yes | 1.35(1.15−1.58) *** | 1.35(1.16−1.58) *** | |
Self-employed | |||
Gender (= Boys) | |||
Girls | 0.88(0.68−1.15) | 0.91(0.70−1.18) | 0.91(0.70−1.17) |
Income quintile (= 1st) | |||
2nd | 1.08(0.57−2.05) | 1.07(0.56−2.02) | 1.11(0.59−2.09) |
3rd | 1.40(0.79−2.48) | 1.38(0.78−2.45) | 1.39(0.79−2.45) |
4th | 1.92(1.11−3.34) * | 1.89(1.09−3.28) * | 1.93(1.12−3.35) * |
5th | 1.73(1.00−2.99) | 1.71(0.99−2.97) | 1.75(1.01−3.01) * |
Participation (= No) | |||
Yes | 1.63(1.22−2.16) ** | 1.63(1.23−2.16) ** | |
Employee | |||
Gender (= Boys) | |||
Girls | 1.04(0.88−1.22) | 1.02(0.86−1.20) | 1.02(0.86−1.20) |
Income quintile (= 1st) | |||
2nd | 1.45(1.00−2.12) | 1.45(1.00−2.11) | 1.47(1.01−2.14) * |
3rd | 1.50(1.06−2.13) * | 1.50(1.06−2.13) * | 1.52(1.08−2.15) * |
4th | 1.61(1.18−2.21) ** | 1.61(1.18−2.21) ** | 1.61(1.17−2.20) ** |
5th | 1.69(1.27−2.27) *** | 1.69(1.27−2.27) *** | 1.72(1.28−2.29) *** |
Participation (= No) | |||
Yes | 1.26(1.05−1.53) * | 1.27(1.06−1.54) * |
(= Reference) | Unadjusted | Model 1 |
---|---|---|
Case (participation = yes) | ||
Total | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 1.05(0.81−1.35) | 1.06(0.82−1.37) |
Insurance type (= Medicaid) | ||
Self-employed | 1.26(0.49−3.23) | 1.29(0.50−3.30) |
Employee | 1.31(0.52−3.29) | 1.33(0.53−3.36) |
Self-employed | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 0.85(0.52−1.36) | 0.89(0.55−1.44) |
Income quintile (= 1st) | ||
2nd | 2.08(0.65−6.69) | 2.03(0.63−6.55) |
3rd | 2.17(0.77−6.14) | 2.13(0.75−6.03) |
4th | 2.24(0.79−6.34) | 2.16(0.76−6.18) |
5th | 2.19(0.79−6.12) | 2.15(0.77−6.02) |
Employee | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 1.15(0.85−1.57) | 1.14(0.85−1.56) |
Income quintile (= 1st) | ||
2nd | 1.03(0.51−2.06) | 1.03(0.51−2.07) |
3rd | 1.26(0.68−2.34) | 1.28(0.69−2.37) |
4th | 1.29(0.77−2.16) | 1.30(0.77−2.18) |
5th | 1.10(0.67−1.81) | 1.11(0.68−1.82) |
Control (participation = no) | ||
Total | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 0.98(0.83−1.15) | 0.97(0.83−1.15) |
Insurance type (= Medicaid) | ||
Self-employed | 0.98(0.47−2.03) | 0.97(0.46−2.02) |
Employee | 1.30(0.63−2.69) | 1.30(0.63−2.68) |
Self-employed | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 0.90(0.66−1.23) | 0.91(0.67−1.24 |
Income quintile (= 1st) | ||
2nd | 0.86(0.40−1.85) | 0.86(0.40−1.84) |
3rd | 1.15(0.59−2.27) | 1.14(0.58−2.25) |
4th | 1.85(0.97−3.52) | 1.82(0.96−3.47) |
5th | 1.60(0.84−3.04) | 1.59(0.84−3.02) |
Employee | ||
Gender (= Boys) | ||
Girls | 1.00(0.82−1.21) | 0.97(0.80−1.18) |
Income quintile (= 1st) | ||
2nd | 1.71(1.09−2.69) * | 1.72(1.09−2.70) * |
3rd | 1.68(1.10−2.57) * | 1.69(1.10−2.57) * |
4th | 1.79(1.21−2.65) ** | 1.79(1.21−2.65) ** |
5th | 2.06(1.44−2.96) *** | 2.07(1.44−2.96) *** |
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Jeon, J.-E.; Lim, A.-R.; Park, H.-A.; Ryu, J.-I. Does the Registered Dentists’ Program Alleviate the Socioeconomic Gap in the Use of Dental Sealants? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217828
Jeon J-E, Lim A-R, Park H-A, Ryu J-I. Does the Registered Dentists’ Program Alleviate the Socioeconomic Gap in the Use of Dental Sealants? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):7828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217828
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Ji-Eun, A-Rang Lim, Hyang-Ah Park, and Jae-In Ryu. 2020. "Does the Registered Dentists’ Program Alleviate the Socioeconomic Gap in the Use of Dental Sealants?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217828