The Impacts of Air Pollution on Mental Health: Evidence from the Chinese University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Sample
3.2. Data
3.3. Analytical Strategy
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Mean/Sample % | SD | Test Statistics 1 | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mental Health | ||||
Life satisfaction | 2.4 | 1.1 | t = 0.47 | p = 0.003 |
Hedonic unhappiness | 0.8 | 0.9 | t = 3.21 | p = 0.004 |
CES-D | 2.9 | 3.7 | t = 0.32 | p = 0.001 |
Air Pollution | ||||
AQI | 99.2 | 61.1 | t = 0.37 | p = 0.011 |
Age | t = 4.39 | p = 0.025 | ||
18 | 3% | |||
19–20 | 5% | |||
21–24 | 86% | |||
25–30 | 6% | |||
Gender | ||||
Female | 48% | X2 = 4.22 | p = 0.018 | |
Male | 52% | |||
Monthly living expenses (Chinese Yuan) | ||||
1000 | 3% | X2 = 5.13 | p = 0.000 | |
1001–2000 | 14% | |||
2001–3000 | 74% | |||
3001 | 9% | |||
Education | ||||
985 project | 12% | X2 = 1.76 | p = 0.012 | |
211 project | 19% | |||
Yi Ben | 21% | |||
Er Ben | 33% | |||
San Ben | 15% | |||
Place of birth | ||||
Rural | 42% | X2 = 1.69 | p = 0.007 | |
Urban | 58% | |||
Subjects | ||||
Humanities and Social Sciences | 32% | X2 = 1.57 | p = 0.015 | |
Science | 30% | |||
Engineering | 38% |
Life Satisfaction | p-Value | Hedonic Unhappiness | p-Value | CES-D | p-Value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High (20) | Medium (17–19) | Low (5–16) | High (20) | Medium (17–19) | Low (5–16) | High (20) | Medium (17–19) | Low (5–16) | ||||
Air Pollution | ||||||||||||
Normal air quality mean (SD) | 61(34.12) | 53 (27.69) | 50 (33.07) | 0.000 | 53 (41.02) | 55 (27.29) | 56 (26.57) | 0.001 | 62 (37.22) | 53 (32.19) | 49 (25.47) | 0.000 |
Normal air quality, median (IQR) 1 | 57 (32,64) | 52 (26, 57) | 49 (17, 53) | 0.001 | 59 (34, 62) | 53 (28,57) | 46 (13, 55) | 0.000 | 61 (33, 68) | 55 (29, 59) | 42 (13, 47) | 0.000 |
Poor air quality mean (SD) | 72 (39.24) | 69 (35.15) | 65 (36.66) | 0.003 | 73 (42.07) | 69 (38.19) | 64 (30.79) | 0.002 | 83 (42.29) | 69 (39.78) | 54 (28.98) | 0.001 |
Poor air quality, median (IQR) | 62 (24, 83) | 57 (30, 73) | 53 (19, 71) | 0.005 | 69 (35, 86) | 54 (24, 84) | 49 (14, 57) | 0.001 | 42 (17, 64) | 53 (24, 78) | 77 (32, 85) | 0.003 |
Age | 0.027 | 0.094 | 0.038 | |||||||||
18 | 13(1) | 61(4) | 17(1) | 33(2) | 21(1) | 37(3) | 13(1) | 27(1) | 51(4) | |||
19–20 | 80(6) | 71(5) | 29(2) | 69(5) | 17(1) | 94(6) | 61(4) | 39(2) | 80(6) | |||
21–24 | 981(73) | 1212(80) | 1377(74) | 889(65) | 1432(75) | 1249(85) | 1356(81) | 1312(72) | 902(73) | |||
25–30 | 238(18) | 189(12) | 439(23) | 361(27) | 427(23) | 78(5) | 243(15) | 432(24) | 191(16) | |||
Gender | 0.213 | 0.031 | ||||||||||
Female | 698(53) | 899(57) | 550(30) | 778(58) | 996(53) | 373(25) | 932(56) | 361(20) | 854(69) | |||
Male | 628(47) | 634(43) | 1312(70) | 574(42) | 901(47) | 1099(75) | 741(44) | 1449(80) | 384(31) | |||
Monthly living expenses (Yuan) | 0.001 | 0.009 | ||||||||||
1000 | 26(2) | 316(20) | 694(37) | 592(44) | 330(17) | 114(8) | 732(44) | 122(7) | 182(15) | |||
1001–2000 | 691(52) | 892(58) | 912(49) | 528(39) | 1358(72) | 609(41) | 405(24) | 1277(71) | 813(65) | |||
2001–3000 | 488(36) | 228(15) | 217(11) | 112(8) | 152(8) | 669(45) | 378(23) | 321(18) | 234(19) | |||
3001 | 121(9) | 97(6) | 39(2) | 120(9) | 57(3) | 80(5) | 158(9) | 90(4) | 9(1) | |||
Education | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.322 | |||||||||
985 project | 261(20) | 492(32) | 197(11) | 52(4) | 395(21) | 503(34) | 637(38) | 177(10) | 136(11) | |||
211 project | 733(55) | 503(33) | 132(7) | 173(13) | 735(39) | 460(31) | 559(33) | 491(27) | 318(26) | |||
Yi Ben | 226(17) | 229(15) | 384(21) | 312(23) | 326(17) | 201(14) | 71(4) | 227(13) | 541(44) | |||
Er Ben | 71(5) | 131(8) | 698(37) | 393(29) | 263(14) | 244(17) | 216(13) | 485(27) | 199(16) | |||
San Ben | 35(2) | 178(11) | 451(24) | 422(31) | 178(9) | 64(4) | 190(11) | 430(23) | 44(3) | |||
Place of birth | 0.031 | 0.217 | ||||||||||
Rural | 548(41) | 891(58) | 901(48) | 713(53) | 971(51) | 656(45) | 656(39) | 706(39) | 978(79) | |||
Urban | 778(59) | 642(42) | 961(52) | 639(47) | 926(49) | 816(55) | 1017(61) | 1104(61) | 260(21) | |||
Subjects | 0.018 | 0.038 | 0.007 | |||||||||
Humanities and Social Sciences | 312(24) | 634(41) | 367(20) | 532(39) | 419(22) | 362(25) | 793(47) | 233(13) | 287(23) | |||
Science | 178(13) | 229(15) | 824(44) | 519(38) | 504(27) | 208(14) | 339(20) | 573(32) | 319(26) | |||
Engineering | 836(63) | 670(43) | 671(36) | 301(22) | 974(51) | 902(61) | 541(32) | 1004(55) | 632(51) |
Life Satisfaction | Hedonic Unhappiness | CES-D | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Normal air quality | 1.13 (0.89–1.22) | 1.06 (1.12–1.47) | 0.89 (0.87–1.03) | 0.95 (1.07–1.34) | 0.95 (0.94–1.12) | 0.93 (0.83–0.99) | |||
Poor air quality | 0.91 (0.80–1.33) | 0.98 (0.93–1.52) | 1.08 (1.01–1.29) | 1.29 (1.12–1.42) | 1.13 (1.06–1.31) | 1.24 (1.19–1.46) | |||
Age | |||||||||
18 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
19–20 | 0.69 (0.49–1.17) | 0.82 (0.48–1.29) | 0.91 (0.51–1.32) | 0.77 (0.46–1.49) | 1.10 (0.87–1.94) | 1.11 (0.78–2.10) | 0.87 (0.49–1.84) | 0.92 (0.80–1.35) | 1.01 (0.48–2.11) |
21–24 | 1.12 (0.50–1.76) | 0.88 (0.55–1.59) | 1.01 (0.50–1.53) | 0.85 (0.62–2.11) | 1.43 (0.68–2.71) | 1.43 (0.83–2.84) | 1.34 (1.10–2.23) | 1.03 (0.89–2.06) | 1.27 (0.87–3.01) |
25–30 | 1.20 (0.48–2.12) | 1.20 (0.52–2.41) | 1.17 (0.51–2.28) | 0.83 (0.48–2.13) | 1.62 (0.89–3.00) | 1.39 (0.57–2.90) | 1.21 (0.60–2.09) | 1.06 (0.75–2.17) | 1.73 (1.20–3.01) |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Male | 1.51 (1.03–2.79) | 1.49 (1.02–1.94) | 1.50 (1.04–2.06) | 1.57 (1.20–1.98) | 1.74 (1.03–2.21) | 1.60 (1.08–2.30) | 1.76 (0.96–2.59) | 1.69 (1.35–2.27) | 1.53 (1.33–1.89) |
Monthly living expenses (Yuan) | |||||||||
1000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1001–2000 | 1.08 (0.46–1.13) | 1.01 (0.48–1.52) | 1.06 (0.63–2.05) | 0.78 (0.46–2.17) | 0.82 (0.48–1.15) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 1.07 (0.73–1.90) | 1.02 (0.79–1.94) | 1.07 (0.72–1.89) |
2001–3000 | 1.13 (0.48–1.77) | 1.08 (0.79–2.38) | 1.12 (0.68–2.93) | 0.96 (0.76–2.38) | 0.91 (0.46–1.90) | 0.76 (0.51–1.30) | 0.93 (0.64–0.95) | 0.97 (0.87–0.99) | 0.98 (0.60–099) |
3001 | 1.22 (1.06–1.98) | 1.79 (1.68–2.41) | 1.38 (1.09–2.64) | 0.84 (0.56–0.95) | 1.24 (1.07–1.97) | 0.89 (0.68–0.98) | 0.92 (0.76–0.98) | 1.35 (1.16–2.08) | 0.94 (0.90–2.78) |
Education | |||||||||
985 project | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
211 project | 1.34 (0.73–2.98) | 1.42 (0.98–2.94) | 1.47 (1.09–2.06) | 1.28 (0.73–1.70) | 1.18 (0.63–2.12) | 1.32 (0.86–1.90) | 1.24 (0.79–2.08) | 1.39 (0.92–2.36) | 1.42 (1.03–3.11) |
Yi Ben | 1.53 (0.68–2.03) | 1.56 (0.82–3.16) | 1.58 (1.06–1.98) | 1.20 (0.81–1.94) | 1.03 (0.74–2.36) | 1.47 (0.95–1.99) | 1.31 (1.23–2.11) | 1.25 (1.09–2.64) | 1.30 (1.05–3.11) |
Er Ben | 1.79 (1.11–2.82) | 1.69 (1.04–1.94) | 1.63 (1.11–2.84) | 1.45 (0.90–2.21) | 1.42 (0.97–2.07) | 1.44 (1.02–2.01) | 1.29 (0.57–2.10) | 1.41 (0.93–2.30) | 1.52 (1.03–3.04) |
San Ben | 1.77 (1.13–3.01) | 1.64 (1.11–3.16) | 1.68 (1.09–3.19) | 1.42 (0.87–2.30) | 1.78 (1.19–2.43) | 1.50 (0.97–2.27) | 1.45 (1.02–1.95) | 1.34 (1.25–3.12) | 1.47 (1.27–3.16) |
Place of birth | |||||||||
Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Urban | 1.45 (1.08–1.98) | 1.42 (1.04–2.02) | 1.63 (1.03–2.85) | 1.60 (1.05–2.98) | 1.72 (1.13–2.82) | 1.58 (1.28–2.01) | 1.67 (1.53–2.42) | 1.32 (1.11–2.74) | 1.33 (1.02–3.16) |
Subjects | |||||||||
Humanities and Social Sciences | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Science | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) | 0.84 (0.42–1.77) | 0.87 (0.69–1.72) | 1.01 (0.83–1.94) | 1.43 (0.97–2.01) | 1.29 (0.85–2.02) | 1.31 (0.55–2.07) | 1.45 (0.79–2.36) | 1.49 (0.67–2.95) |
Engineering | 1.08 (0.59–1.93) | 1.16 (0.57–1.85) | 1.16 (0.74–1.95) | 0.97 (0.56–1.32) | 1.31 (1.02–1.98) | 1.47 (1.04–2.21) | 1.20 (0.64–2.73) | 1.30 (0.87–3.13) | 1.45 (0.97–3.12) |
Life Satisfaction | Hedonic Unhappiness | CES-D | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Normal air quality | 1.11 (1.04–1.98) | 1.16 (1.08–1.31) | 0.89 (0.82–0.95) | 0.91 (0.87–0.98) | 0.96 (0.81–0.98) | 0.93 (0.92–0.99) | |||
Poor air quality | 0.97 (0.89–0.99) | 0.91 (0.83–0.95) | 1.14 (1.03–1.29) | 1.11 (0.99–1.23) | 1.15 (1.06–1.39) | 1.03 (1.02–1.35) | |||
Age | |||||||||
18 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
19–20 | 0.81 (0.46–1.28) | 0.88 (0.79–1.26) | 1.21 (0.65–2.13) | 0.73 (0.64–1.39) | 1.02 (0.73–1.67) | 1.13 (0.86–1.38) | 1.20 (0.73–1.59) | 1.39 (1.02–1.67) | 1.52 (1.05–1.67) |
21–24 | 0.76 (0.46–1.32) | 0.82 (0.51–1.59) | 1.17 (0.52–2.17) | 0.71 (0.57–1.23) | 0.93 (0.64–1.56) | 1.04 (0.76–1.47) | 1.08 (0.62–1.45) | 1.45 (0.64–1.68) | 1.37 (0.84–1.86) |
25–30 | 1.12 (0.53–1.46) | 1.10 (0.54–1.98) | 1.70 (0.96–2.99) | 1.02 (0.85–1.34) | 1.34 (0.75–2.10) | 1.25 (0.82–1.50) | 1.25 (0.67–1.62) | 1.24 (0.66–1.39) | 1.59 (1.02–1.95) |
Gender | |||||||||
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Male | 1.61 (1.23–1.70) | 1.64 (1.32–1.87) | 1.70 (1.51–2.02) | 1.56 (1.09–2.12) | 1.69 (1.34–2.07) | 1.73 (1.02–2.73) | 2.03 (1.45–2.87) | 2.78 (1.32–3.00) | 2.93 (2.04–3.38) |
Monthly living expenses (Yuan) | |||||||||
1000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
1001–2000 | 1.26 (0.85–1.91) | 1.31 (0.82–1.99) | 1.34 (0.64–1.78) | 0.92 (0.87–1.95) | 0.94 (0.92–2.01) | 0.99 (0.81–2.04) | 1.75 (0.91–2.43) | 2.07 (1.84–2.73) | 2.01 (1.74–2.84) |
2001–3000 | 1.43 (0.89–1.67) | 1.57 (0.77–2.12) | 1.60 (0.84–2.36) | 0.97 (0.93–2.06) | 0.93 (0.92–2.13) | 0.91 (0.94–2.43) | 0.93 (0.87–1.89) | 0.96 (0.91–0.98) | 0.87 (0.83–0.94) |
3001 | 1.58 (0.70–1.84) | 1.60 (0.85–2.33) | 1.62 (0.91–2.78) | 0.83 (0.72–0.99) | 0.85 (0.82–0.95) | 0.84 (0.81–0.97) | 0.81 (0.73–0.97) | 0.88 (0.75–0.99) | 0.84 (0.78–0.95) |
Education | |||||||||
985 project | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
211 project | 1.58 (0.87–1.80) | 1.55 (0.83–1.78) | 1.58 (0.99–1.82) | 1.43 (0.69–1.65) | 1.49 (0.89–1.93) | 1.53 (0.61–2.09) | 1.44 (0.56–1.75) | 1..64 (1.06–2.03) | 1.75 (1.05–2.93) |
Yi Ben | 1.51 (0.94–1.89) | 1.49 (0.86–1.63) | 1.46 (0.92–1.70) | 1.40 (0.96–1.93) | 1.53 (0.70–2.07) | 1.50 (0.78–2.13) | 1.56 (1.39–2.94) | 1.57 (1.21–1.95) | 1.56 (1.32–2.05) |
Er Ben | 1.45 (0.89–1.67) | 1.42 (0.81–1.32) | 1.39 (0.93–1.77) | 1.32 (0.67–1.93) | 1.43 (0.84–2.01) | 1.43 (0.92–2.30) | 1.48 (1.04–2.43) | 1.69 (1.32–2.07) | 1.84 (0.98–2.03) |
San Ben | 1.42 (0.79–1.84) | 1.45 (0.71–1.52) | 1.38 (0.75–1.61) | 1.29 (0.75–1.68) | 1.31 (0.65–2.12) | 1.32 (0.67–1.84) | 1.67 (1.03–2.05) | 1.94 (1.36–3.12) | 1.93 (1.02–2.15) |
Place of birth | |||||||||
Rural | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Urban | 1.36 (0.82–1.56) | 1.31 (0.86–1.57) | 1.20 (0.74–1.71) | 1.73 (1.02–2.57) | 1.66 (1.05–2.39) | 1.98 (1.05–3.03) | 2.18 (1.43–2.94) | 1.94 (1.37–2.01) | 1.83 (1.43–2.17) |
Subjects | |||||||||
Humanities and Social Sciences | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Science | 1.48 (0.79–1.83) | 1.50 (1.04–1.99) | 1.39 (0.75–1.54) | 1.59 (0.95–1.87) | 1.63 (0.85–1.94) | 1.74 (0.94–2.15) | 2.08 (1.73–2.87) | 1.85 (1.45–2.16) | 1.93 (1.46–2.74) |
Engineering | 1.59 (1.10–2.17) | 1.31 (1.15–1.58) | 1.42 (1.07–1.90) | 1.37 (0.93–1.85) | 1.45 (0.79–2.36) | 1.56 (0.75–2.13) | 1.94 (1.34–2.19) | 2.04 (1.38–2.56) | 1.68 (1.32–2.10) |
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Zu, D.; Zhai, K.; Qiu, Y.; Pei, P.; Zhu, X.; Han, D. The Impacts of Air Pollution on Mental Health: Evidence from the Chinese University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186734
Zu D, Zhai K, Qiu Y, Pei P, Zhu X, Han D. The Impacts of Air Pollution on Mental Health: Evidence from the Chinese University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186734
Chicago/Turabian StyleZu, Daqing, Keyu Zhai, Yue Qiu, Pei Pei, Xiaoxian Zhu, and Dongho Han. 2020. "The Impacts of Air Pollution on Mental Health: Evidence from the Chinese University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186734