Mapping the Potential Distribution of Major Tick Species in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Processing Tick Occurrence Data
2.2. Preparing Environmental Data
2.3. Identifying Key Factors
2.4. Projecting Potential Tick Distribution
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Determinants of Tick Occurrence
3.2. Predicted Potential Distribution of Major Tick Species
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Variables | Unit |
---|---|---|
BIO1 | Annual Mean Temperature | ℃ |
BIO2 | Mean Diurnal Temperature Range (Mean of monthly) | ℃ |
BIO3 | Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (×100) | / |
BIO4 | Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation × 100) | / |
BIO5 | Maximum Temperature of the Warmest Month | ℃ |
BIO6 | Minimum Temperature of the Coldest Month | ℃ |
BIO7 | Temperature Annual Range (BIO5–BIO6) | ℃ |
BIO10 | Mean Temperature of the Warmest Quarter | ℃ |
BIO11 | Mean Temperature of the Coldest Quarter | ℃ |
BIO12 | Annual Precipitation | mm |
BIO13 | Precipitation of the Wettest Month | mm |
BIO14 | Precipitation of the Driest Month | mm |
BIO15 | Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) | / |
BIO16 | Precipitation of the Wettest Quarter | mm |
PREC | Monthly Precipitation | mm |
TMAX | Monthly Maximum Temperature | ℃ |
TMIN | Monthly Minimum Temperature | ℃ |
TMEAN | Monthly Mean Temperature | ℃ |
CROP | Extent of Cropland | m2 |
FOREST | Extent of Forest | m2 |
GRASS | Extent of Grassland | m2 |
SHRUB | Extent of Shrubland | m2 |
URBAN | Extent of Urban Fabric | m2 |
OLU | Extent of other Land Use Types | m2 |
T_PH_H2O | PH Value of the Topsoil | -−Log(H+) |
T_OC | Organic Carbon Content of the Topsoil | %weight |
AWC_CLASS | Soil Available Water Content | / |
T_TEXTURE | Soil Texture of the Topsoil | / |
NDVI | Normalized Vegetation Index | / |
Species | Models | Environmental Variables in Order of Importance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st Contributor | 2nd Contributor | 3rd Contributor | 4th Contributor | 5th Contributor | ||
Argas persicus | MaxEnt | URBAN | BIO13 | CROP | SHRUB | GRASS |
GBDT | URBAN | BIO13 | CROP | BIO16 | BIO15 | |
ERT | URBAN | CROP | BIO15 | BIO13 | FOREST | |
RF | URBAN | CROP | BIO13 | BIO15 | BIO16 | |
SVM_L1 | BIO13 | BIO14 | BIO16 | URBAN | BIO7 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO13 | URBAN | BIO5 | BIO16 | |
Dermacentor marginatus | MaxEnt | BIO13 | CROP | URBAN | TMIN | T_PH_H2O |
GBDT | BIO13 | CROP | FOREST | BIO15 | T_PH_H2O | |
ERT | CROP | BIO15 | BIO13 | OLU | BIO16 | |
RF | CROP | BIO15 | BIO13 | BIO16 | URBAN | |
SVM_L1 | BIO14 | BIO5 | BIO11 | BIO3 | BIO13 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO5 | BIO3 | BIO13 | BIO16 | |
Dermacentor Nuttalli | MaxEnt | URBAN | BIO6 | CROP | TMAX | BIO14 |
GBDT | URBAN | CROP | TMEAN | TMAX | BIO12 | |
ERT | URBAN | CROP | TMEAN | BIO1 | TMIN | |
RF | URBAN | CROP | BIO1 | TMIN | TMEAN | |
SVM_L1 | BIO14 | BIO7 | BIO4 | BIO16 | BIO2 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO7 | BIO2 | BIO6 | BIO4 | |
Dermacentor silvarum | MaxEnt | URBAN | TMEAN | FOREST | CROP | TMAX |
GBDT | URBAN | BIO1 | CROP | BIO16 | GRASS | |
ERT | CROP | GRASS | URBAN | OLU | BIO12 | |
RF | URBAN | CROP | PREC | BIO12 | GRASS | |
SVM_L1 | BIO14 | BIO10 | BIO1 | BIO7 | BIO13 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO10 | BIO4 | BIO13 | BIO3 | |
Haemaphysalis concinna | MaxEnt | PREC | CROP | FOREST | URBAN | BIO4 |
GBDT | BIO12 | FOREST | OLU | PREC | SHRUB | |
ERT | FOREST | PREC | CROP | BIO12 | OLU | |
RF | PREC | BIO12 | FOREST | SHRUB | BIO16 | |
SVM_L1 | BIO4 | BIO14 | BIO7 | TMAX | BIO3 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO4 | BIO3 | FOREST | BIO7 | |
Haemaphysalis longicornis | MaxEnt | CROP | URBAN | BIO12 | BIO7 | TMAX |
GBDT | BIO6 | BIO11 | CROP | BIO16 | URBAN | |
ERT | CROP | BIO6 | URBAN | BIO11 | BIO7 | |
RF | BIO6 | BIO11 | CROP | URBAN | TMIN | |
SVM_L1 | BIO10 | BIO13 | BIO4 | BIO14 | BIO16 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | BIO3 | BIO13 | BIO4 | URBAN | |
Ixodes granulatus | MaxEnt | BIO14 | FOREST | GRASS | URBAN | SHRUB |
GBDT | GRASS | BIO6 | PREC | TMEAN | FOREST | |
ERT | FOREST | GRASS | BIO6 | BIO11 | TMIN | |
RF | GRASS | BIO11 | BIO6 | FOREST | BIO16 | |
SVM_L1 | BIO2 | OLU | BIO7 | BIO14 | BIO3 | |
SVM_L2 | BIO2 | OLU | BIO14 | BIO3 | BIO7 | |
Rhipicephalus microplus | MaxEnt | CROP | BIO14 | BIO6 | URBAN | FOREST |
GBDT | BIO11 | URBAN | TMIN | BIO14 | BIO6 | |
ERT | BIO11 | BIO6 | URBAN | TMIN | BIO2 | |
RF | BIO6 | BIO11 | TMIN | URBAN | PREC | |
SVM_L1 | BIO4 | BIO13 | BIO7 | URBAN | T_OC | |
SVM_L2 | BIO13 | BIO4 | URBAN | OLU | T_OC | |
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato | MaxEnt | URBAN | TMEAN | GRASS | BIO1 | SHRUB |
GBDT | TMEAN | TMIN | BIO6 | BIO5 | SHRUB | |
ERT | TMIN | CROP | TMEAN | BIO1 | BIO6 | |
RF | TMIN | BIO1 | TMEAN | SHRUB | BIO11 | |
SVM_L1 | BIO14 | BIO11 | URBAN | BIO10 | SHRUB | |
SVM_L2 | BIO14 | URBAN | SHRUB | BIO6 | FOREST | |
Rhipicephalus turanicus | MaxEnt | BIO13 | CROP | URBAN | BIO4 | AWC_CLASS |
GBDT | CROP | BIO16 | BIO13 | FOREST | BIO4 | |
ERT | CROP | OLU | BIO12 | BIO16 | BIO13 | |
RF | CROP | URBAN | BIO16 | BIO13 | FOREST | |
SVM_L1 | BIO13 | PREC | BIO12 | URBAN | SHRUB | |
SVM_L2 | BIO13 | PREC | BIO12 | BIO16 | SHRUB |
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Yang, X.; Gao, Z.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, J.; Wang, L.; Xiao, L.; Wu, H.; Li, S. Mapping the Potential Distribution of Major Tick Species in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145145
Yang X, Gao Z, Zhou T, Zhang J, Wang L, Xiao L, Wu H, Li S. Mapping the Potential Distribution of Major Tick Species in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(14):5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145145
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xin, Zheng Gao, Tianli Zhou, Jian Zhang, Luqi Wang, Lingjun Xiao, Hongjuan Wu, and Sen Li. 2020. "Mapping the Potential Distribution of Major Tick Species in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145145