Modeling Schistosoma japonicum Infection under Pure Specification Bias: Impact of Environmental Drivers of Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data on Human Schistosoma japonicum Infection, Study Area, and Sampling Design
2.2. Environmental and Geographical Data
2.3. Convolution Model (Individual-Level Model)
2.4. Ecological Model (Group-Level Model)
2.5. Model Validation
2.6. Software and Data Sources
2.7. Ethics Approval
3. Results
3.1. Convolution Model
3.2. Ecological Model
3.3. Convolution Versus Ecological Model
3.4. Model Validation
4. Discussion
Suggestions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Variable | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Data Type | Original Coordinate System | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elevation | 30 m | NA | Raster | EPSG:4326 | Aster GDEM V2 from USGS |
NDVI | 250 m | 2008 | Raster | EPSG:4326 | MOD13Q1 |
NDWI | 500 m | 2008 | Raster | EPSG:32651 | Landsat 7, one-year composite |
LST | 1 km | 2008 | Raster | EPSG:4326 | MOD11A2 |
NDWB | 250 m | 2010 | Raster | EPSG:32651 | Derived from closest facility network using roads, urban areas, river network, and water bodies |
Estimated Parameters | Posterior Mean (95% Crl) | Standard Deviation | Credible Intervals Width (Uncertainty) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Convolution Model | Ecological Model | Convolution Model | Ecological Model | Convolution Model | Ecological Model | |
Intercept | −5.79 (−6.11,−5.5) | −5.67 (−5.93,−5.41) | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.53 |
NDWI | −0.74 (−0.96,−0.55) | −1.02 (−1.24,−0.80) | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
LSTD | −0.63 (−0.92,−0.38) | −0.79 (−1.08,−0.49) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.59 |
LSTN | −0.84 (−1.13,−0.55) | −0.65 (−1.05,−0.24) | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.59 | 0.82 |
Elevation | −1.05 (−1.4,−0.71) | −1.13 (−1.53,−0.70) | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.71 | 0.84 |
NDWB | −0.28 (−0.51,−0.05) | −0.24 (−0.43,−0.05) | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.48 | 0.38 |
ϕ | 4 × 10−5 (−0.004,0.004) | 2 × 10−5 (−0.0004,0.0004) | 2.00 × 10−4 | 1.00 × 10−5 | 6.80 × 10−5 | 3.50 × 10−5 |
Variance of spatial random effect | 2.58 (1.7,3.6) | 2.6 (1.8,3.61) | 0.48 | 0.47 | 1.9 | 1.82 |
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Araujo Navas, A.L.; Osei, F.; Leonardo, L.R.; Soares Magalhães, R.J.; Stein, A. Modeling Schistosoma japonicum Infection under Pure Specification Bias: Impact of Environmental Drivers of Infection. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020176
Araujo Navas AL, Osei F, Leonardo LR, Soares Magalhães RJ, Stein A. Modeling Schistosoma japonicum Infection under Pure Specification Bias: Impact of Environmental Drivers of Infection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(2):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020176
Chicago/Turabian StyleAraujo Navas, Andrea L., Frank Osei, Lydia R. Leonardo, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhães, and Alfred Stein. 2019. "Modeling Schistosoma japonicum Infection under Pure Specification Bias: Impact of Environmental Drivers of Infection" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020176