Effects of Psychological Factors on Modal Shift from Car to Dockless Bike Sharing: A Case Study of Nanjing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Comparative Analysis of Docked and Dockless Bike Sharing
2.2. Car Modal Shift in Response to Bike Sharing
2.3. Factors Affecting Dockless Bike Sharing Usage
3. Transportation Context in Nanjing: A Brief Overview
4. Methodology
4.1. TAM and Hypotheses Development
4.2. Survey Design
4.2.1. Perceived Usefulness
4.2.2. Perceived Ease-of-Use
4.2.3. Perceived Health
4.2.4. Attitudes
4.2.5. Willingness to Shift
4.3. Data Collection
5. Results
5.1. Descriptive Statistics
5.2. Reliability and Validity Assessment
5.3. Hypothesis Testing
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Number | Ratio (%) | Characteristics | Number | Ratio (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Education | ||||
Male | 187 | 57.7 | High school | 20 | 6.2 |
Female | 137 | 42.3 | College/University | 261 | 80.5 |
Age (In Years) | Graduate institute | 43 | 13.3 | ||
<20 | 5 | 1.5 | Occupation | ||
20–29 | 115 | 35.5 | State-owned enterprise staff | 43 | 13.3 |
30–39 | 79 | 24.4 | Private company staff | 93 | 28.7 |
40–49 | 118 | 36.4 | Civil servant | 126 | 38.9 |
>50 | 7 | 2.2 | Self-employed | 31 | 9.6 |
Annual Income ($US) | Retirement | 6 | 1.9 | ||
<4485 | 23 | 7.1 | Student | 11 | 3.4 |
4485–7475 | 83 | 25.6 | Other | 14 | 4.2 |
7475–14,950 | 140 | 43.2 | |||
14,950–29,900 | 46 | 14.2 | |||
>29,900 | 32 | 9.9 |
Constructs | Items | Item Description | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s α | CR | AVE | Square Root of AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived usefulness | PU1 | improve living environment | 0.594 | 0.719 | 0.751 | 0.505 | 0.710 |
PU2 | reduce travel time | 0.781 | |||||
PU3 | reduce travel cost | 0.743 | |||||
Perceived ease-of-use | PEOU1 | ease of returning a dockless bike | 0.791 | 0.812 | 0.816 | 0.597 | 0.773 |
PEOU2 | ease of renting a dockless bike | 0.831 | |||||
PEOU3 | ease of being a member of a dockless bike-sharing system | 0.689 | |||||
Perceived health | PEH1 | improve physical health | 0.694 | 0.765 | 0.778 | 0.640 | 0.800 |
PEH2 | relieve psychological stress | 0.894 | |||||
attitudes | A1 | attitudes to the concept of dockless bike sharing | 0.820 | 0.717 | 0.776 | 0.538 | 0.733 |
A2 | attitudes to riding experience | 0.672 | |||||
A3 | attitudes to illegal parking | 0.701 | |||||
Willing to transfer | WTT1 | shift willingness in short distance | 0.707 | 0.692 | 0.758 | 0.513 | 0.716 |
WTT2 | shift willingness in middle distance | 0.650 | |||||
WTT3 | shift willingness in long distance | 0.785 |
M | SD | Perceived Usefulness | Perceived Ease-of-Use | Perceived Health | Attitudes | Willing to Transfer | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived usefulness | 4.014 | 0.983 | 1 | ||||
Perceived ease-of-use | 3.543 | 1.119 | 0.000 | 1 | |||
Perceived health | 3.817 | 1.026 | 0.000 | 0.193 | 1 | ||
Attitude | 3.675 | 1.011 | 0.213 | 0.297 | 0.292 | 1 | |
Willing to transfer | 3.050 | 1.236 | 0.088 | 0.109 | 0.108 | 0.369 | 1 |
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Ma, X.; Cao, R.; Wang, J. Effects of Psychological Factors on Modal Shift from Car to Dockless Bike Sharing: A Case Study of Nanjing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183420
Ma X, Cao R, Wang J. Effects of Psychological Factors on Modal Shift from Car to Dockless Bike Sharing: A Case Study of Nanjing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183420
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Xinwei, Ruiming Cao, and Jianbiao Wang. 2019. "Effects of Psychological Factors on Modal Shift from Car to Dockless Bike Sharing: A Case Study of Nanjing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183420