Deliberate Self-Harm Among Chinese Children with Different Types and Severity of Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Disability Classification
2.3. Health and Behavior Questionnaire
2.4. Data Collection Procedures
2.5. Self-Harm Definition
2.6. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Without Disabilities | Single Disability | Multiple Disabilities | p-Value a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Injured n (%) | N | Injured n (%) | N | Injured n (%) | ||
Total | 650 | 71 (10.92) | 514 | 80(15.56) * | 136 | 54(39.71) ** | <0.001 |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 406 | 51 (12.56) | 325 | 53 (16.31) | 81 | 31 (38.27) ** | <0.001 |
Female | 244 | 20 (8.20) | 189 | 27 (14.29) * | 55 | 23 (41.82) ** | <0.001 |
Age | |||||||
6–9 | 184 | 4 (2.17) | 153 | 28 (18.30) ** | 31 | 14 (45.16) ** | <0.001 |
10–13 | 283 | 20 (7.07) | 210 | 23 (10.95) | 73 | 27 (36.99) ** | <0.001 |
14–17 | 183 | 47 (25.68) | 151 | 29 (19.21) | 32 | 13 (40.62) | 0.031 |
Ethnic group | |||||||
Han Chinese | 617 | 67 (10.86) | 476 | 68 (14.29) | 125 | 48 (38.40) ** | <0.001 |
Ethnic minorities | 33 | 4 (12.12) | 38 | 12 (31.58) | 11 | 6 (54.55) ** | 0.015 |
Parent-child relationship | |||||||
Natural parents | 628 | 66 (10.51) | 481 | 74 (15.38) * | 128 | 50 (39.06) ** | <0.001 |
Adoptive parents/stepparents | 22 | 5 (22.73) | 33 | 6 (18.18) | 8 | 4 (50.00) | 0.164 |
Single parent | |||||||
Yes | 42 | 9 (21.43) | 67 | 13 (19.40) | 11 | 3 (27.27) | 0.832 |
No | 608 | 62 (10.20) | 447 | 67 (14.99) * | 125 | 51 (40.80) ** | <0.001 |
Single child | |||||||
Yes | 514 | 55 (10.70) | 295 | 47 (15.93) * | 75 | 28 (37.33) ** | <0.001 |
No | 136 | 16 (11.76) | 219 | 33 (15.07) | 61 | 26 (42.62) ** | <0.001 |
Father’s Education | |||||||
Middle school or below | 64 | 12 (18.75) | 149 | 20 (13.42) | 28 | 11 (39.29) * | 0.005 |
High school | 202 | 29 (14.36) | 147 | 17 (11.56) | 40 | 13 (32.50) * | 0.004 |
College or above | 384 | 30 (7.81) | 218 | 43 (19.72) ** | 68 | 30 (44.12) ** | <0.001 |
Mother’s Education | |||||||
Middle school or below | 67 | 12 (17.91) | 155 | 20 (12.90) | 32 | 12 (37.50) * | 0.004 |
High school | 178 | 22 (12.36) | 150 | 16 (10.67) | 45 | 14 (31.11) ** | 0.002 |
College or above | 405 | 37 (9.14) | 209 | 44 (21.05) ** | 59 | 28 (47.46) ** | <0.001 |
Family income per month | |||||||
<5000 | 99 | 8 (8.08) | 218 | 31 (14.22) | 55 | 19 (34.55) ** | <0.001 |
5000–12,000 | 372 | 46 (12.37) | 199 | 25 (12.56) | 55 | 24 (43.64) ** | <0.001 |
>12,000 | 179 | 17 (9.50) | 97 | 24 (24.74) ** | 26 | 11 (42.31) ** | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Level 1 Disability | Level 2 Disability | Level 3 + 4 Disability | χ2 | p-Value a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Injured n (%) | N | Injured n (%) | N | Injured n (%) | |||
Total | 185 | 67 (36.22) ** | 227 | 45 (19.82) ** | 238 | 22 (9.24) | 46.410 | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 124 | 44 (35.48) ** | 133 | 25 (18.80) | 149 | 15 (10.07) | 27.080 | <0.001 |
Female | 61 | 23 (37.70) ** | 94 | 20 (21.28) ** | 89 | 7 (7.87) | 19.840 | <0.001 |
Age | ||||||||
6–9 | 43 | 14 (32.56) ** | 78 | 21 (26.92) ** | 63 | 7 (11.11) ** | 7.960 | 0.019 |
10–13 | 91 | 33 (36.26) ** | 92 | 11 (11.96) | 100 | 6 (6.00) | 33.060 | <0.001 |
14–17 | 51 | 20 (39.22) | 57 | 13 (22.81) | 75 | 9 (12.00) * | 12.720 | 0.002 |
Ethnic group | ||||||||
Han Chinese | 172 | 60 (34.88) ** | 209 | 37 (17.70) * | 220 | 19 (8.64) | 43.220 | <0.001 |
Ethnic minorities | 13 | 7 (53.85) ** | 18 | 8 (44.44) * | 18 | 3 (16.67) | 5.220 | 0.074 |
Parent-child relationship | ||||||||
Natural parents | 176 | 61 (34.66) ** | 208 | 41 (19.71) ** | 225 | 22 (9.78) | 37.780 | <0.001 |
Adoptive parents/stepparents | 9 | 6 (66.67) * | 19 | 4 (21.05) | 13 | 0 (0.00) | 13.030 | 0.001 |
Single parent | ||||||||
Yes | 18 | 7 (38.89) | 25 | 7 (28.00) | 35 | 2 (5.71) | 9.290 | 0.010 |
No | 167 | 60 (35.93) ** | 202 | 38 (18.81) ** | 203 | 20 (9.85) | 38.680 | <0.001 |
Single child | ||||||||
Yes | 91 | 33 (36.26) ** | 133 | 30 (22.56) ** | 146 | 12 (8.22) | 27.950 | <0.001 |
No | 94 | 34 (36.17) ** | 94 | 15 (15.96) | 92 | 10 (10.87) | 20.120 | <0.001 |
Education level of father | ||||||||
Middle school or below | 47 | 14 (29.79) | 67 | 12 (17.91) | 63 | 5 (7.94) | 8.910 | 0.012 |
High school | 62 | 20 (32.26) ** | 51 | 5 (9.80) | 74 | 5 (6.76) | 18.310 | <0.001 |
College or above | 76 | 33 (43.42) ** | 109 | 28 (25.69) ** | 101 | 12 (11.88) | 22.700 | <0.001 |
Education level of mother | ||||||||
Middle school or below | 56 | 16 (28.57) | 64 | 11 (17.19) | 67 | 5 (7.46) | 9.580 | 0.008 |
High school | 52 | 12 (23.08) | 63 | 11 (17.46) | 80 | 7 (8.75) | 5.280 | 0.071 |
College or above | 77 | 39 (50.65) ** | 100 | 23 (23.00) ** | 91 | 10 (10.99) | 34.600 | <0.001 |
Family income per month | ||||||||
<5000 | 78 | 27 (34.62) ** | 94 | 17 (18.09) * | 101 | 6 (5.94) | 24.190 | <0.001 |
5000–12,000 | 68 | 23 (33.82) ** | 91 | 14 (15.38) | 95 | 12 (12.63) | 12.820 | 0.002 |
>12,000 | 39 | 17 (43.59) ** | 42 | 14 (33.33) ** | 42 | 4 (9.52) | 12.270 | 0.002 |
Variables | Sample N | Injured n (%) | Univariate Model OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Male | 812 | 135 (16.6) | 1.191 (0.87, 1.629) |
Female | 488 | 70 (14.3) | 1 |
Age | |||
6–9 | 368 | 46 (12.5) | 0.445 (0.301, 0.657) |
10–13 | 566 | 70 (12.4) | 0.439 (0.311, 0.621) |
14–17 | 366 | 89 (24.32) | 1 |
Ethnic group | |||
Han Chinese | 1218 | 183 (15.0) | 0.482 (0.289, 0.806) |
Ethnic minorities | 82 | 22 (26.8) | 1 |
Parent-child relationship | |||
Natural parents | 1237 | 190 (15.4) | 0.581 (0.319, 1.058) |
Adoptive parents/stepparents | 63 | 15 (23.8) | 1 |
Single parent | |||
Yes | 120 | 25 (20.8) | 1.462 (0.915, 2.335) |
No | 1180 | 180 (15.3) | 1 |
Single child | |||
Yes | 884 | 130 (14.7) | 0.784 (0.574, 1.071) |
No | 416 | 75 (18.0) | 1 |
Father’s education | |||
Middle school or below | 241 | 43 (17.8) | 1.195 (0.809, 1.767) |
High school | 389 | 59 (15.2) | 0.984 (0.695, 1.393) |
College or above | 670 | 103 (15.4) | 1 |
Mother’s education | |||
Middle school or below | 254 | 44 (17.3) | 1.084 (0.738, 1.592) |
High school | 373 | 52 (13.9) | 0.838 (0.586, 1.199) |
College or above | 673 | 109 (16.2) | 1 |
Family income per month | |||
<5000 | 372 | 58 (15.6) | 0.888 (0.590, 1.337) |
5000–12,000 | 626 | 95 (15.2) | 0.860 (0.594, 1.245) |
>12,000 | 302 | 52 (17.2) | 1 |
Characteristics | N | Injured n (%) | Univariate Model OR (95% CI) a | Multivariate Model OR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|---|---|
No disability | 650 | 71 (10.9) | 1 | 1 |
Any type of disability | 650 | 134 (20.6) | 2.118 (1.551, 2.891) | 2.399 (1.714, 3.358) |
Any single disability | 514 | 80 (15.6) | 1.503 (1.067, 2.118) | 1.608 (1.088, 2.376) |
Hearing | 79 | 11 (13.9) | 1.319 (0.666, 2.612) | 1.327 (0.602, 2.925) |
Speech | 42 | 0 (0.0) | ||
Other physical disabilities | 19 | 1 (5.3) | 0.453 (0.060, 3.445) | 0.435 (0.054, 3.492) |
Mental retardation | 240 | 30 (12.5) | 1.165 (0.739, 1.836) | 1.190 (0.713, 1.985) |
Mental health disorder | 134 | 38 (28.4) | 3.228 (2.060, 5.059) | 3.317 (2.016, 5.460) |
Multiple disabilities | 136 | 54 (39.7) | 5.370 (3.519, 8.196) | 6.887 (4.235, 11.199) |
Severity level of disability | ||||
Level 1 (Most severe) | 185 | 67 (36.2) | 4.630 (3.141, 6.826) | 6.109 (3.906, 9.555) |
Level 2 | 227 | 45 (19.8) | 2.016 (1.340, 3.035) | 2.206 (1.391, 3.498) |
Level 3 + 4 | 238 | 22 (9.24) | 0.831 (0.502, 1.374) | 0.817 (0.474, 1.409) |
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Zhu, H.; Abudusaimaiti, X.; Xiang, J.; Gao, Q. Deliberate Self-Harm Among Chinese Children with Different Types and Severity of Disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173149
Zhu H, Abudusaimaiti X, Xiang J, Gao Q. Deliberate Self-Harm Among Chinese Children with Different Types and Severity of Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173149
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Huiping, Xiayidanmu Abudusaimaiti, Joe Xiang, and Qi Gao. 2019. "Deliberate Self-Harm Among Chinese Children with Different Types and Severity of Disabilities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173149