Association between Resting Heart Rate and Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Case-Controlled Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Data Collection
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Definition of CRC
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of Non-PS-Matched and PS-Matched CRC Patient Cohorts
3.2. Associations between RHR and CRC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Variable | Control | Cases | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorectal | Colon | Rectum | †P | ‡P | §P | ||
N | 5909 | 1241 | 854 | 387 | |||
Age (years) | 47.3 ± 15.5 | 62.6 ± 11.8 | 63.4 ± 11.5 | 61.0 ± 12.4 | * | * | * |
Gender | * | * | * | ||||
Male | 2836 (48.0) | 712 (57.4) | 464 (54.3) | 248 (64.1) | |||
Female | 3073 (52.0) | 529 (42.6) | 390 (45.7) | 139 (35.9) | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 116.5 ± 15.6 | 126.0 ± 15.1 | 126.2 ± 15.1 | 125.4 ± 15.0 | * | * | * |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.2 ± 10.2 | 77.2 ± 10.3 | 77.1 ± 10.3 | 77.5 ± 10.2 | * | * | * |
RHR (bpm) | 68.7 ± 9.0 | 72.7 ± 11.3 | 72.8 ± 11.3 | 72.3 ± 11.3 | * | * | * |
Weight status | * | * | NS | ||||
Underweight | 2386 (40.4) | 555 (44.7) | 380 (44.5) | 175 (45.2) | |||
Normal | 1442 (24.4) | 308 (24.8) | 217 (25.4) | 91 (23.5) | |||
Overweight | 1844 (31.2) | 310 (25.0) | 210 (24.6) | 100 (25.8) | |||
Obese | 237 (4.0) | 68 (5.5) | 47 (5.5) | 21 (5.4) | |||
WBC (103 cells) | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.5 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | * | * | NS |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.9 ± 21.1 | 109.4 ± 31.2 | 110.3 ± 32.5 | 107.5 ± 28.2 | * | * | * |
TC (mg/dL) | 188.1 ± 33.7 | 176.1 ± 36.7 | 173.3 ± 35.7 | 182.1 ± 38.2 | * | * | * |
HTN, n (%) | 913 (15.4) | 518 (41.7) | 374 (43.8) | 144 (37.2) | * | * | * |
DM, n (%) | 371 (6.3) | 225 (18.1) | 161 (18.8) | 64 (16.5) | * | * | * |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 405 (6.8) | 200 (16.1) | 147 (17.2) | 53 (13.7) | * | * | * |
Alcohol | * | * | * | ||||
Never | 602 (10.2) | 688 (55.4) | 492 (57.6) | 196 (50.7) | |||
Ex | 804 (13.6) | 330 (26.6) | 187 (21.9) | 143 (37.0) | |||
Current | 4503 (76.2) | 223 (18.0) | 175 (20.5) | 48 (12.4) | |||
Smoking | * | * | * | ||||
Never | 3383 (57.3) | 764 (61.5) | 552 (64.6) | 212 (54.8) | |||
Ex | 1183 (20.0) | 362 (29.2) | 222 (26.0) | 140 (36.2) | |||
Current | 1343 (22.7) | 115 (9.3) | 80 (9.4) | 35 (9.0) | |||
TNM stage | |||||||
0 | - | 326 (26.3) | 187 (21.9) | 139 (35.9) | |||
I | - | 365 (29.4) | 270 (31.6) | 95 (24.6) | |||
II | - | 359 (28.9) | 257 (30.1) | 102 (26.4) | |||
III | - | 191 (15.4) | 140 (16.4) | 51 (13.2) |
Variable | Control | Colorectal | p | Control | Colon | p | Control | Rectum | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 1207 | 1207 | 829 | 829 | 378 | 378 | |||
Age (years) | 62.0 ± 11.4 | 62.0 ± 11.4 | NS | 62.7 ± 11.1 | 62.7 ± 11.1 | NS | 60.4 ± 12.0 | 60.4 ± 12.0 | NS |
Gender | NS | NS | NS | ||||||
Male | 695 (57.6) | 695 (57.6) | 452 (54.5) | 452 (54.5) | 243 (64.3) | 243 (64.3) | |||
Female | 512 (42.4) | 512 (42.4) | 377 (45.5) | 377 (45.5) | 135 (35.7) | 135 (35.7) | |||
SBP (mmHg) | 123.6 ± 16.1 | 125.6 ± 15.0 | * | 123.4 ± 16.3 | 126.1 ± 15.0 | * | 124.2 ± 15.9 | 125.4 ± 15.0 | NS |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 10.3 | 77.3 ± 10.3 | * | 75.4 ± 10.2 | 77.2 ± 10.3 | * | 76.3 ± 10.4 | 77.5 ± 10.2 | NS |
RHR (bpm) | 67.6 ± 9.2 | 72.7 ± 11.3 | * | 67.8 ± 9.2 | 72.9 ± 11.4 | * | 67.1 ± 9.1 | 72.2 ± 11.3 | * |
Weight status | * | * | * | ||||||
Underweight | 28 (2.3) | 64 (5.3) | 18 (2.2) | 45 (5.4) | 10 (2.6) | 19 (5.0) | |||
Normal | 423 (35.1) | 543 (45.0) | 302 (36.4) | 372 (44.9) | 121 (32.0) | 171 (45.2) | |||
Overweight | 338 (28.0) | 302 (25.0) | 226 (27.3) | 211 (25.5) | 112 (29.6) | 91 (24.1) | |||
Obese | 418 (34.3) | 298 (24.7) | 283 (34.1) | 201 (24.3) | 135 (35.7) | 97 (25.7) | |||
WBC (103 cells) | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.5 | * | 6.1 ± 1.3 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | * | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.4 | NS |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 103.6 ± 22.0 | 109.3 ± 31.1 | * | 102.9 ± 20.7 | 110.2 ± 32.3 | * | 105.2 ± 24.6 | 107.5 ± 28.1 | NS |
TC (mg/dL) | 191.2 ± 34.7 | 177.0 ± 36.4 | * | 192.0 ± 34.7 | 174.4 ± 35.3 | * | 189.5 ± 34.6 | 182.6 ± 38.2 | * |
HTN, n (%) | 381 (31.6) | 497 (41.18) | * | 278 (33.5) | 357 (43.1) | * | 103 (27.2) | 140 (37.0) | * |
DM, n (%) | 148 (12.3) | 216 (17.90) | * | 102 (12.3) | 157 (18.9) | * | 46 (12.2) | 59 (15.6) | NS |
Dyslipidemia,n (%) | 130 (10.77) | 193 (16.0) | * | 100 (12.1) | 141 (17.0) | * | 30 (7.9) | 52 (13.8) | * |
Alcohol | * | * | * | ||||||
Never | 189 (15.7) | 659 (54.6) | 149 (18.0) | 470 (56.7) | 40 (10.6) | 189 (50.0) | |||
Ex | 220 (18.2) | 325 (26.9) | 151 (18.2) | 184 (22.2) | 69 (18.2) | 141 (37.3) | |||
Current | 798 (66.1) | 223 (18.5) | 529 (63.8) | 175 (21.1) | 269 (71.2) | 48 (12.7) | |||
Smoking | * | * | * | ||||||
Never | 591 (49.0) | 740 (61.3) | 430 (51.9) | 533 (64.3) | 161 (42.6) | 207 (54.8) | |||
Ex | 351 (29.1) | 352 (29.2) | 237 (28.6) | 216 (26.1) | 114 (30.2) | 136 (36.0) | |||
Current | 265 (21.9) | 115 (9.5) | 162 (19.5) | 80 (9.6) | 103 (27.3) | 35 (9.2) | |||
TNM stage | |||||||||
0 | - | 320 (26.5) | - | 184 (22.2) | - | 136 (36.0) | |||
I | - | 353 (29.3) | - | 260 (31.4) | - | 93 (24.6) | |||
II | - | 345 (28.6) | - | 246 (29.7) | - | 99 (26.2) | |||
III | - | 189 (15.7) | - | 139 (16.8) | - | 50 (13.2) |
Model | Colorectal Cancer | Colon Cancer | Rectal Cancer | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CIs) | p | OR (95% CIs) | p | OR (95% CIs) | p | |
Before PS matching | ||||||
Univariable * | 1.043 (1.036–1.049) | <0.001 | 1.045 (1.037–1.053) | <0.001 | 1.040 (1.030–1.051) | <0.001 |
Multivariable † | 1.043 (1.034–1.051) | <0.001 | 1.046 (1.037–1.055) | <0.001 | 1.040 (1.027–1.052) | <0.001 |
After PS matching | ||||||
Univariable ** | 1.051 (1.042–1.060) | <0.001 | 1.050 (1.039–1.061) | <0.001 | 1.053 (1.036–1.070) | <0.001 |
Multivariable ‡ | 1.044 (1.032–1.057) | <0.001 | 1.046 (1.032–1.061) | <0.001 | 1.035 (1.008–1.063) | <0.001 |
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Share and Cite
Kwon, Y.-J.; Lee, H.S.; Cho, M.R.; Kim, S.N.; Jeon, J.Y.; Kim, N.K.; Lee, J.-W. Association between Resting Heart Rate and Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Case-Controlled Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162883
Kwon Y-J, Lee HS, Cho MR, Kim SN, Jeon JY, Kim NK, Lee J-W. Association between Resting Heart Rate and Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Case-Controlled Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162883
Chicago/Turabian StyleKwon, Yu-Jin, Hye Sun Lee, Mi Ra Cho, Si Nae Kim, Justin Y. Jeon, Nam Kyu Kim, and Ji-Won Lee. 2019. "Association between Resting Heart Rate and Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Case-Controlled Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162883