Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Standards and Reagents
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Sample Analysis and Quality Control
2.5. Health Risk Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Soil Contamination with the Six Target PAEs
3.2. Plant Contamination Levels of the Six Target PAEs
3.3. Non-Carcinogenic and Carcinogenic Risks from the Six Target PAEs
3.4. Source Identification of Target PAEs
3.5. Management Strategies to Control PAE Contamination in the Study Areas
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Young Children | Older Children and Adults | Unit | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0 to 6 | 7 to 70 | Ma et al. [30] | |||
Body weight (BW) | 13.6 | Female 57.3 | Male 66.2 | kg | Chinese MoH [33] | |
61.75 | ||||||
IRF (daily vegetable intake) | Carrot (not leafy) | 0.125 | 0.054 | g DW (kg BW day−1) | Ma et al. [30] | |
EF (exposure frequency) | Production frequency of plastic greenhouses (calculated from Table S1) | days year−1 | Ma et al. [30] | |||
1/3 of adults | 273 ZL, 303 ZH, 334 PD | |||||
ED (Exposure duration) | Production duration of plastic greenhouses (see Table S1) | year | Ma et al. [30] | |||
CF (conversion factor) | 10−6 | kg mg−1 | USEPA [34] | |||
AT (average time) | 365×ED for hazard quotient (HQ), lifetime (25,550) for carcinogenic risk (CR) | days | Wang et al. [35] | |||
IRS (soil ingestion rate) | 200 | 100 | mg day−1 | USEPA [31] | ||
SA (soil surface area) | 5700 | cm2 day−1 | Wang et al. [35] | |||
AF (soil adherence factor) | 0.07 | mg cm−2 | Wang et al. [35] | |||
ABS (fraction of contaminant absorbed dermally from the soil) | 0.1 | unitless | Wang et al. [35] | |||
PEF (particles emission factor) | 1.36 × 109 | m3 kg−1 | Wang et al. [35] | |||
SFO (oral slope factor of the carcinogen) | BBP | 1.90 × 10−3 | (mg kg−1 day−1)−1 | Niu et al. [36] | ||
DEHP | 1.40 × 10−2 | |||||
RfD (New Mexico Environment Department, NMED) | DMP | 10 | 103 µg (kg day)−1 | NMED [37] | ||
DEP | 0.8 | |||||
BBP | 0.2 | |||||
DBP | 0.1 | |||||
DEHP | 0.02 | |||||
DOP | 0.04 |
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Ma, T.; Zhou, W.; Chen, L.; Christie, P.; Luo, Y.; Wu, P. Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162818
Ma T, Zhou W, Chen L, Christie P, Luo Y, Wu P. Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162818
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Tingting, Wei Zhou, Like Chen, Peter Christie, Yongming Luo, and Peng Wu. 2019. "Phthalate Ester Contamination in Intensively Managed Greenhouse Facilities and the Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk: A Regional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162818