The Use of Alcohol and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases among Ellisras Rural Children Aged 14–22 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Knowledge of CVDs Risk Factors
2.4. Definition of Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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14–16 Years | 17–19 Years | 20–22 Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
Population Characteristic | |||||||||
N | 101 | 89 | 325 | 302 | 310 | 282 | |||
% (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | |
Age in years (mean ± SD) * | 16.0 (0.82) | 16.0 (0.70) | 0.955 | 18.8 (0.84) | 18.8 (0.83) | 0.857 | 21.0 (0.65) | 21.0 (0.66) | 0.789 |
Alcohol Use Questions | |||||||||
Have you ever drunk alcohol? | 14.9 (15) | 14.6 (13) | 0.967 | 16.9 (55) | 13.6 (41) | 0.319 | 10.3 (32) | 17.7 (50) | 0.024 |
Are you currently drinking alcohol? | 6.9 (7) | 10.1 (9) | 0.604 | 10.8 (35) | 7.9 (24) | 0.271 | 6.8 (21) | 9.2 (26) | 0.310 |
Do you smoke a lot when you drink? | 2.0 (2) | 5.6 (5) | 0.201 | 6.5 (21) | 3.6 (11) | 0.128 | 2.6 (8) | 5.0 (14) | 0.140 |
CAGE Questions | |||||||||
(1) Have you ever felt that you ought to Cut down on your drinking? | 12.9 (13) | 13.5 (12) | 0.913 | 16 (52) | 12.9 (39) | 0.343 | 8.4 (26) | 15.6 (44) | 0.016 |
(2) Have people Annoyed you by criticising your drinking? | 3.0 (3) | 6.7 (6) | 0.245 | 8.6 (28) | 0.7 (2) | 0.000 | 3.2 (10) | 3.9 (11) | 0.669 |
(3) Have you ever felt bad or Guilty about your drinking? | 6.9 (7) | 10.1 (9) | 0.469 | 11.4 (37) | 9.6 (29) | 0.513 | 7.7 (24) | 11.7 (33) | 0.139 |
(4) Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a hangover (Eye-opener)? | 5.9 (6) | 10.1 (9) | 0.326 | 9.2 (30) | 8.6 (26) | 0.803 | 7.1 (22) | 11.7 (33) | 0.079 |
Prevalence of CAGE&0.803 | |||||||||
Alcohol abuse | 42.9 (3) | 88.9 (8) | 0.095 | 94.3 (33) | 79.2 (19) | 0.107 | 76.2 (16) | 76.9 (20) | 0.356 |
Current Alcohol Drink | |||||||||
Risky behaviour on weekdays | 2.0 (2) | 5.6 (5) | 0.201 | 5.5 (18) | 4.0 (12) | 0.382 | 3.2 (10) | 2.8 (8) | 0.789 |
Risky behaviour on weekends | 6.9 (7) | 10.1 (9) | 0.469 | 9.5 (31) | 7.0 (21) | 0.280 | 5.5 (17) | 7.1 (20) | 0.448 |
Amount of Alcohol | Week | Friday | Saturday | Sunday | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
% (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | ||
1–2 drinks/day | <1 drink/day | 1.9 (14) | 2.5 (17) | 0.651 | 3.3 (24) | 2.5 (17) | 0.426 | 2.0 (15) | 2.1 (14) | 0.956 | 1.4 (10) | 1.0 (7) | 0.575 |
3–4 drinks/day | 2–3 drinks/day | 3.5 (26) | 3.9 (26) | 0.950 | 2.7 (20) | 3.1 (21) | 0.602 | 2.6 (19) | 2.8 (19) | 0.785 | 0.8 (6) | 0.7 (5) | 0.561 |
5 or more drinks/day | 4 or more drinks/day | 5.3 (39) | 5.6 (38) | 0.856 | 3.0 (22) | 2.5 (17) | 0.607 | 3.1 (23) | 2.8 (19) | 0.747 | 0.3 (2) | 0.3 (2) | 0.654 |
Communal drinks & | Communal drinks & | 3.1 (23) | 3.4 (23) | 0.953 | 4.9 (36) | 7.3 (49) | 0.049 | 6.1 (45) | 7.7 (52) | 0.265 | 11.4 (84) | 13.4 (90) | 0.810 |
14–16 Years | 17–19 Years | 20–22 Years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | |
Number of days | 101 | 89 | 325 | 302 | 310 | 282 |
% (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | |
1–2 | 56.4 (57) | 66.3 (59) | 81.8 (266) | 96.7 (292) | 77.4 (240) | 97.5 (275) |
3–5 | 14.9 (15) | 2.2 (2) | 6.2 (20) | 0.7 (2) | 10.3 (10.3) | 1.4 (4) |
6–9 | 8.9 (9) | 7.9 (7) | 3.1 (10) | 0.7 (2) | 4.8 (15) | 0.7 (1) |
10–19 | 13.9 (14) | 15.7 (14) | 6.8 (22) | 1 (3) | 5.2 (16) | 0.4 (1) |
20–30 | 5.9 (6) | 7.9 (7) | 2.2 (7) | 1 (3) | 2.3 (7) | 0.4 (1) |
CVDs Knowledge Statements | Boys n = 736 | Girls n = 636 | |
---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | p-values | |
Cardiovascular disease attacks all age groups and mostly elderly people | 40.8 (300) | 43.4 (292) | 0.524 |
The conditions linked to cardiovascular disease are multi-factorial—genetics and lifestyle | 69.0 (508) | 68.5 (461) | 0.928 |
Smoking, lack of physical in activity, fatty food, and too much salt and sugar in the food could lead to cardiovascular diseases | 70.9 (522) | 69.5 (468) | 0.812 |
Cardiovascular diseases are associated with stress, overweight, obesity, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity, and too much smoking | 58.7 (432) | 58.2 (392) | 0.930 |
Medical doctors can help to diagnose somebody with cardiovascular diseases | 55.4 (408) | 54.8 (369) | 0.902 |
There are no specific signs and symptoms of cardiovascular diseases as they are only designated by specific events e.g., heart failure | 31.8 (234) | 29.7 (200) | 0.540 |
The conditions for cardiovascular disease develop over a long period | 62.0 (456) | 59.4 (400) | 0.632 |
Usually people with high blood pressure and diabetes experience cardiovascular diseases | 68.6 (505) | 65.2 (439) | 0.548 |
Cardiovascular diseases have high public importance and people take preventative measures seriously in our community such as giving up smoking, exercising often, and eating a lot of vegetables and fruits. | 62.6 (461) | 64.0 (431) | 0.796 |
There are no component causes for cardiovascular diseases as they are diseases associated with lifestyle | 65.6 (483) | 64.3 (433) | 0.816 |
14–16 Years | 17–19 Years | 20–22 Years | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | ||||
Score | 101 | 89 | 325 | 302 | 310 | 282 | |||
% (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | % (n) | % (n) | p-value | |
0 | 2.0 (2) | 3.4 (3) | 0.561 | 3.1 (10) | 4.6 (14) | 0.328 | 4.2 (13) | 2.5 (7) | 0.266 |
1 | 4.0 (4) | 3.4 (3) | 0.836 | 7.1 (23) | 6.6 (20) | 0.834 | 5.2 (16) | 3.5 (10) | 0.359 |
2 | 14.9 (15) | 5.6 (5) | 0.062 | 8.0 (26) | 8.6 (26) | 0.779 | 11.6 (36) | 13.1 (37) | 0.623 |
3 | 13.9 (14) | 21.3 (19) | 0.255 | 16.9 (55) | 19.2 (58) | 0.536 | 17.4 (54) | 16.3 (46) | 0.762 |
4 | 13.9 (14) | 15.7 (14) | 0.755 | 12.6 (41) | 13.6 (41) | 0.755 | 13.5 (42) | 11.3 (32) | 0.476 |
5 | 20.8 (21) | 19.1 (17) | 0.812 | 17.8 (58) | 19.2 (58) | 0.717 | 18.7 (58) | 20.2 (57) | 0.705 |
6 | 21.8 (22) | 22.5 (20) | 0.927 | 20.0 (65) | 18.5 (56) | 0.704 | 17.4 (54) | 20.6 (58) | 0.420 |
7 | 6.9 (7) | 5.6 (5) | 0.727 | 8.6 (28) | 5.3 (16) | 0.130 | 7.7 (24) | 9.2 (26) | 0.553 |
8 | 2.0 (2) | 1.1 (1) | 0.642 | 4.0 (13) | 2.3 (7) | 0.246 | 1.9 (6) | 1.8 (5) | 0.836 |
9 | 0 (0) | 1.1 (1) | 0.288 | 1.2 (4) | 1.7 (5) | 0.660 | 1.0 (3) | 1.1 (3) | 0.908 |
10 | 0 (0) | 1.1 (1) | 0.288 | 0.6 (2) | 0.3 (1) | 0.608 | 1.3 (4) | 0.4 (1) | 0.278 |
CVDs Knowledge Statements | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR * | 95% CI * | p-Value * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) Cardiovascular disease attacks all age groups and mostly elderly people | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.74 | 0.001 | 2.86 | 1.27 | 6.42 | 0.011 |
(b) The conditions linked to cardiovascular disease are multi-factorial—genetics and lifestyle | 1.05 | 0.70 | 1.57 | 0.822 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 1.53 | 0.128 |
(c) Smoking, lack of physical activity, fatty food, and too much salt and sugar in the food could lead to cardiovascular diseases | 0.65 | 0.44 | 0.95 | 0.027 | 0.37 | 0.07 | 1.95 | 0.239 |
(d) Cardiovascular diseases are associated with stress, overweight, obesity, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity, and too much smoking | 0.58 | 0.35 | 0.97 | 0.037 | 0.85 | 0.51 | 1.44 | 0.554 |
(e) Medical doctors can help to diagnose somebody with cardiovascular diseases | 2.25 | 1.49 | 3.39 | 0.000 | 0.75 | 0.65 | 0.87 | 0.000 |
(f) No signs and symptoms of cardiovascular diseases as they are only designated by specific events e.g., heart failure | 1.08 | 0.74 | 1.58 | 0.693 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 1.26 | 0.288 |
(g) The conditions for cardiovascular disease develop over a long period | 1.75 | 1.16 | 2.64 | 0.008 | 2.33 | 1.34 | 4.07 | 0.003 |
(h) Usually people with high blood pressure and diabetes experience cardiovascular diseases | 1.01 | 0.06 | 1.68 | 0.974 | 0.69 | 0.34 | 1.38 | 0.292 |
(i) Cardiovascular disease has a high public importance and people take preventative measures seriously in our community like giving up smoking, exercising frequently, and eating a lot of vegetables and fruits. | 1.78 | 1.20 | 2.63 | 0.004 | 1.38 | 0.83 | 2.29 | 0.222 |
(j) There are no component causes for cardiovascular diseases as they are diseases associated with lifestyle | 0.56 | 0.25 | 1.22 | 0.143 | 0.311 | 0.10 | 1.02 | 0.053 |
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Matshipi, M.; Monyeki, K.D.; Mafumo, N.; Monyeki, S.M.; Siweya, H.J.; Kemper, H.C.G. The Use of Alcohol and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases among Ellisras Rural Children Aged 14–22 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152650
Matshipi M, Monyeki KD, Mafumo N, Monyeki SM, Siweya HJ, Kemper HCG. The Use of Alcohol and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases among Ellisras Rural Children Aged 14–22 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152650
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatshipi, Moloko, Kotsedi D. Monyeki, Norman Mafumo, Suzan M. Monyeki, Hlengani J. Siweya, and Han C. G. Kemper. 2019. "The Use of Alcohol and Knowledge of Cardiovascular Diseases among Ellisras Rural Children Aged 14–22 Years: Ellisras Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152650