Short-Term Trend Forecast of Different Traffic Pollutants in Minnesota Based on Spot Velocity Conversion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. COPERT Model
2.2. Predict Interval Mean Velocity
2.3. Predict Spot Mean Velocity
2.4. Velocity Conversion
3. Case Study and Data
3.1. Static Input Parameters of the COPERT IV Model
3.1.1. Vehicle Types and Emission Standards
3.1.2. Vehicle Population, VKT, Fuel Quality, and Meteorological Conditions
3.2. Dynamic Input Parameters—Predicted Interval Mean Velocity
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Emission of Different Pollutants
4.2. Emissions of Different Vehicles
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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European Standards | Gasoline Car Sulfur Content | Diesel Vehicle Sulfur Content | Implementation Time |
---|---|---|---|
Euro I | 800 ppm/0.08% | 2000 ppm/0.2% | 1992 |
Euro II | 500 ppm/0.05% | 500 ppm/0.05% | 1996 |
Euro III | 150 ppm/0.015% | 350 ppm/0.035% | 2000 |
Euro IV | 50 ppm/0.005% | 50 ppm/0.005% | 2005 |
Euro V | 10 ppm/0.01% | 10 ppm/0.01% (NOX ≤ 180 ppm) | 2008 |
Euro VI | 10 ppm/0.01% | 10 ppm/0.01% (NOX ≤ 80 ppm) | 2014 |
Vehicle Types | Euro I | Euro II | Euro III | Euro IV | Euro V | Euro VI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
LDV | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
HDT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | - |
BUS | - | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
MC | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | - | - | - |
North America Vehicle Category | COPERT IV Vehicle Category |
---|---|
Light duty vehicles short WB 2/ | Passenger car (PC) |
Light duty vehicles long WB 2/ | Light duty vehicles (LDV) |
Pickup trucks | |
Sport-utility vehicles | |
Passenger vans | |
Single-unit trucks 3/ | Heavy-duty trucks (HDT) |
Combination trucks | |
Large pick-ups | |
vans | |
Truck tractors | |
Recreational vehicles (RVs) | |
Buses | Buses (BUS) |
Motorcycles | Motorcycles (MC) |
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Hu, X.; Xu, D.; Wan, Q. Short-Term Trend Forecast of Different Traffic Pollutants in Minnesota Based on Spot Velocity Conversion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091925
Hu X, Xu D, Wan Q. Short-Term Trend Forecast of Different Traffic Pollutants in Minnesota Based on Spot Velocity Conversion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091925
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Xiaojian, Dan Xu, and Qian Wan. 2018. "Short-Term Trend Forecast of Different Traffic Pollutants in Minnesota Based on Spot Velocity Conversion" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091925