Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Domestication, Selection, and Identification of DEHP-Degrading Strain
2.3. Biodegradation Batch Experiment of DEHP by Strain YC-YT1
2.4. Efficient Degradation of DEHP at Maximum and Minimum Concentrations
2.5. Substrate Use Tests
2.6. Bioremediation of DEHP-Contaminated Environments and Evaluation the Cell Surface Hydrophobicity
2.7. Analysis of Chemicals and Metabolites
3. Results
3.1. Isolation and Identification of DEHP-Degrading Bacterium
3.2. Effects of Environmental Factors on DEHP Degradation
3.2.1. Effect of pH on Degradation of DEHP
3.2.2. Effect of Temperature on DEHP Degradation
3.2.3. Effect of NaCl and Glucose Concentration on DEHP Degradation
3.3. Substrate Utilization Tests
3.4. Maximum and Minimum DEHP Concentration for Efficient Biodegradation
3.5. DEHP Degradation Pathway
3.6. Bioremediation of DEHP-Contaminated Environments and Evaluation of Cell Surface Hydrophobicity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources | Strain | Experimental Conditions | Substrate (Substrate Profile) | Degradation Efficiency | Major Intermediates | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marine plastic debris in coastal seawater | Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 | pH 7.0, 30 °C (pH 4–10.0, Temperature 10–50 °C) | DEHP (DDP, DNP, DOP, DCHP, BBP, DHPP, DHP, DAP, DBP, DPrP, DEP, DMP, PA, BA, SA, PNP, diphenyl, 1,2,3-tetrachlorobenzene, PCA, catechol) | 100 mg/L, 100% DEHP, 3 days | MEHP, PA, BA | This study |
Activated sludge | Pseudomonas fluorescens FS1 | pH 6.5–8.0, 30 °C Inhibition below 10 °C and above 35 °C) | PAEs (DMP, DEP, DnBP, DIBP, DnOP, DEHP) | 100 mg/L, 99% DMP, DEP, DnBP, DIBP; 20% DnOP, 30% DEHP, 3 days | NR | [23] |
River sediment and petrochemical sludge | Sphigomonas sp. DK4 cooperation with Corynebacterium sp. O18 | pH 7.0, 30 °C (pH 5–9, Temperature 20–40 °C) | DEP, DPrP, DBP, DPP, DCP, DHP, BBP, DEHP | 5 mg/L, 32.6% DEHP and 91.6% DEHP, respectively, 7 days | NR | [24] |
River sediment | Anaerobic bacteria community | pH 7.0, 30 °C (pH 5–9, 20–50 °C) | DEP, DBP, DEHP | 5 μg/g, 91% DEP, 94.1% DBP, 95.4% DEHP, 84 days | NR | [38] |
Constructed wetland soil | Arthrobacter C21 | pH 7.0, 30 °C | DBP (DMP, DEP, DOP, DEHP, PA) | 100 mg/L, 51.4%, DEHP, 70 h | NR | [39] |
Heavily plastics-contaminated sewage sludge | Achromobacter denitrificans SP1 | pH 8.0, 32 °C | DEHP | 10 mM, 63% DEHP, 72 h; 100% DEHP 96 h | MEHP, 2-ethyl hexanol | [40] |
Aerobic granules | Sphingomonas sp. PA-02 | pH 7.0, 25–35 °C | DMP (DBP, DEP, DEHP) | 29–33% 290 mg/L DMP, 5 days | PA, BA | [41] |
Wetland soil | Bacillus megaterium YJB3 | 34.2 °C | DBP (PA, PCA, MBP, DMP, DEP, DBP, DEHP, DnOP, DINP) | 1000 mg/L, 82.5% DBP, 5 days | MBP, PA, PCA | [2] |
Compost-amended soil | Providencia sp. 2 D | NR | DMP (DEP, DBP, DnOP, DEHP, MBP, PA, BA, PCA, Catechol) | 200 mg/L, 100% DBP, 3 days | MBP, PA | [11] |
Activated sludge | Bacterial community | pH 7.0, 30 °C | DEP (DBP, BBP, DEHP) | 50 mg/kg, 95.2% DEHP, 98.6% BBP, 99.2% DBP, 98% DEP | NR | [42] |
Vegetable greenhouse soil | Acinetobacter sp. LMB-5 | pH 7.0, 40 °C | DMP (DEP, DBP, DEHP) | 100 mg/L, 100% DBP, 60 h, 98.87% DMP, 94.94% DEP, 72.15% DBP, 45 h | DMP, PA | [18] |
Organic amendment soil | Bacterial community | NR | DBP, DEHP | NR | NR | [43] |
Municipal waste | Gordonia sp. Dop5 | pH 7.0, 28 °C | DMP, DEP, DnBP, DnOP, DEHP, BBP, DPP, MnOP, PCA, no PA | 750 mg/L, 100% DnOP 48 h | CO2, H2O | [20] |
Petroleum-contaminated soil | Gordonia alkanivorans YC-RL2 | pH 8.0, 30 °C, 0–5% NaCl (pH 6–11, Temperature 10–50 °C, NaCl 0–12%) | DEHP, DBP, DCHP, DMP, DEP, PA | 800 mg/L, 94.6% DEHP, 7 days | MEHP, PA, BA | [22] |
Activated sludge | Microbacterium sp. CQ0110Y | pH 6.5–7.5, 25–35 °C (pH 4.5–9.0, Temperature 10–50 °C, 10 °C and 50 °C no degradation) | DEHP | 1000 mg/L, 100% DEHP, 10 days | MEHP, PA, BA, PCA, muconic acid, pyruvic acid | [44] |
Activated sludge | Acinetobacter sp. SN13 | pH 6–9, 30 °C, (pH 3–9, Temperature 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C) | DEHP | 400 mg/L, 90% DEHP, add 100–1000 μg/L Fe3+ can improve degradation rate, 100 μg/L Mn2+ can improve but 500–1000 μg/L Mn2+ inhibition | MEHP, PA, PCA | [27] |
Vegetable soil | Rhodococcus WJ4 | pH 7.0, 28 °C | DEHP | 200 mg/L, 96.4% DEHP, 7 days | NR | [19] |
Soil | Bacillus subtilis No. 66 | pH 7.5, 30 °C | DEHP (DBP, DEP, DPP, DPrP, PA) | 5 mM, 99% DEHP, 5 days | MEHP, PA, PCA | [21] |
Soil | Bacterial community, G1, Rhodococcus rhodochrous G2, Rhodococcus rhodochrous G7, Corynebacterium nitrilophilus G11 | pH 7.0, 30 °C | DEHP | 100 mg/L, G1, G2, 97%DEHP, 3 days; G7, 32.5% DEHP, G11 cooperation with surfactant 90% DEHP within 24 h | NR | [45] |
Garden soil | Mycobacterium sp. NK0301 | pH 6.8, 30 °C | DEHP | 98% 0.1% (v/v) DEHP within 24 h | 2-ethylhexanol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid | [46] |
Contaminated river sediment | Rhodococcus sp. HS-D2 | pH 7.0 30 °C (pH 5–10, Temperature 15–42 °C) | BBP (DMP, DEP, DBP, DOP, DEHP, PA, catechol, pyridine, BA, Tween-80) | 500 mg/L, 100% BBP, 96 h | MBP, PA, BA | [31] |
NR | Agromyces sp. MT-O | pH 7.2, 29.6 °C | DEHP (DMP, DEP, DBP, DOP) | 200 mg/L, 90% DEHP, 4 days | MEHP, PA | [13] |
Soil | Mycobacterium sp. YC-RL4 | pH 8.0, 30 °C | DEHP (DCHP, DBP, DEP, DMP) | 50 mg/L, 100% DEHP, 5 days | MEHP, PA | [28] |
Mixed pulper waste | Fusarium culmorum | pH 6.5, 28 °C | DEHP | 1000 mg/L, 95% DEHP, 60 h | MEHP, PA, PCA, butanediol | [47] |
Purchased | Pleurotus ostreatus | 25 °C | DEHP | 1000 mg/L, 100% DEHP, 21 days | MEHP, 2-ethyl-hexan-1-ol, PA | [1] |
Sets | Inoculum Volume (mL of Seeds) | DEHP Concentration (mg/kg or mg/L) | Photoperiod (Light: Dark) | Light Intensity (lx) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | A | 3 | 100 | 16:8 | 5 × 103 5 × 103 - - |
B | 0 | 100 | 16:8 | ||
2 | C | 3 | 100 | - | |
D | 0 | 100 | - |
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Yang, T.; Ren, L.; Jia, Y.; Fan, S.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Nahurira, R.; Wang, H.; Yan, Y. Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050964
Yang T, Ren L, Jia Y, Fan S, Wang J, Wang J, Nahurira R, Wang H, Yan Y. Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050964
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Ting, Lei Ren, Yang Jia, Shuanghu Fan, Junhuan Wang, Jiayi Wang, Ruth Nahurira, Haisheng Wang, and Yanchun Yan. 2018. "Biodegradation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate by Rhodococcus ruber YC-YT1 in Contaminated Water and Soil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 964. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050964