Maternal Education, Fertility, and Child Survival in Comoros
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. The Data and Sampling Methods
3. Analytical Models
Two Stage Probit Regression
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Children’s Demographic Characteristics
4.2. Determinants of Maternal Education and Fertility
4.3. Demographic, Maternal and Child Characteristics Influencing Child Survival
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Child Survival | Education | Fertility | Child Survival | Education | Fertility | Child Survival | Education | Fertility | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Children | Children 0–59 Months | Children 0–12 Months | |||||||
Birth Order | −0.0196 | −0.2289 | 0.6124 | 0.0119 | −0.3278 | 0.8270 | 0.0247 | −0.2778 | 0.6921 |
Husband’s Years of Education | 0.0411 | 0.4239 | −0.2840 | 0.116 | 0.4456 | −0.2972 | 0.1452 | 0.4209 | −0.3139 |
First Child is Male | −0.0152 | 0.1113 | −0.2258 | −0.0525 | 0.1649 | −0.3017 | −0.0916 | 0.0962 | −0.2383 |
Demographic Characteristics | Mohéli | Ndzouani | Ngazidja | All Respondents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children’s Mothers | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % |
Urban | 318 | 57.2 | 334 | 31.7 | 531 | 40.1 | 1183 | 40.3 |
Rural | 238 | 42.8 | 721 | 68.3 | 792 | 59.9 | 1751 | 59.7 |
Highest Year of Education | ||||||||
No education | 1327 | 55.2 | 3111 | 70.0 | 1865 | 40.1 | 6303 | 54.8 |
Primary | 581 | 24.2 | 618 | 13.9 | 1417 | 30.5 | 2616 | 22.8 |
Secondary | 435 | 18.1 | 558 | 12.6 | 1145 | 24.6 | 2138 | 18.6 |
Higher | 62 | 2.6 | 141 | 3.2 | 206 | 4.4 | 409 | 3.6 |
Total Children Born | ||||||||
1–5 | 389 | 70.0 | 748 | 70.9 | 1084 | 81.9 | 2221 | 75.7 |
6–10 | 153 | 27.5 | 288 | 27.3 | 229 | 17.3 | 670 | 22.8 |
11–15 | 14 | 2.5 | 18 | 1.7 | 10 | 0.8 | 42 | 1.4 |
>15 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 |
Sons Who Have Died | ||||||||
0 | 496 | 89.2 | 956 | 90.6 | 1180 | 89.2 | 2632 | 89.7 |
1 | 49 | 8.8 | 79 | 7.5 | 121 | 9.2 | 249 | 8.5 |
2 | 7 | 1.3 | 17 | 1.6 | 19 | 1.4 | 43 | 1.5 |
3 | 4 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.3 |
4 | 0 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.1 |
Daughters Who Have Died | ||||||||
0 | 506 | 91.0 | 953 | 90.3 | 1202 | 90.9 | 2661 | 90.7 |
1 | 42 | 7.6 | 87 | 8.3 | 103 | 7.8 | 232 | 7.9 |
2 | 7 | 1.3 | 12 | 1.1 | 16 | 1.2 | 35 | 1.2 |
3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.1 |
4 | 1 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 |
Children | ||||||||
Breastfed immediately | 383 | 15.9 | 920 | 20.7 | 1136 | 24.4 | 2439 | 21.2 |
Child is alive | 2270 | 94.4 | 4198 | 94.5 | 4340 | 93.3 | 10,808 | 94.0 |
Twins | 43 | 1.8 | 96 | 2.2 | 123 | 2.7 | 262 | 2.3 |
Male | 1285 | 53.4 | 2261 | 50.9 | 2368 | 50.9 | 5914 | 51.4 |
All Children | Under 5 (Children 0–59 Months) | Infants (Children 0–12 Months) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fertility | Education | Fertility | Education | Fertility | Education | |||||||
Coeffic | Z Stat | Coeffic | Z Stat | Coeffic | Z Stat | Coeffic | Z Stat | Coeffic | Z Stat | Coeffic | Z Stat | |
Fertility | - | - | −0.25 | −15.7 | - | - | −0.26 | −6.2 | - | - | −0.21 | −4.1 |
Education | −0.08 | −15.7 | - | - | −0.04 | −6.2 | - | - | −0.07 | −4.1 | - | - |
Region | ||||||||||||
Ndzouani region | 0.09 | 1.6 | −1.00 | −10.8 | 0.11 | 1.5 | −0.90 | −4.9 | 0.16 | 1.0 | −0.83 | −2.6 |
Ngazidja region | −0.53 | −9.0 | −0.56 | −5.5 | −0.11 | −1.4 | −0.52 | −2.6 | −0.10 | −0.5 | −0.53 | −1.5 |
Child is twins | 1.01 | 8.5 | 0.24 | 1.2 | 1.22 | 8.2 | 0.09 | 0.2 | 1.42 | 4.8 | 0.40 | 0.8 |
Gender of child | 0.04 | 1.1 | 0.05 | 0.8 | −0.04 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 0.4 | −0.17 | −1.4 | −0.27 | −1.2 |
Urban residence | −0.03 | −0.7 | 0.59 | 8.2 | −0.11 | −2.0 | 0.90 | 6.3 | −0.17 | −1.1 | 1.22 | 5.0 |
Muslim religion | −0.32 | −1.6 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.6 | −0.46 | −0.7 | 0.41 | 0.9 | −0.05 | −0.1 |
Male head of household | −0.09 | −2.4 | −0.07 | −1.0 | −0.23 | −4.5 | −0.03 | −0.3 | −0.36 | −2.9 | −0.15 | −0.7 |
Age of head | 0.04 | 25.9 | 0.01 | 2.6 | 0.02 | 11.5 | 0.02 | 3.3 | 0.04 | 8,8 | 0.02 | 1.8 |
Telephone access | −0.15 | −2.3 | 0.57 | 4.9 | −0.05 | −0.5 | 0.04 | 0.2 | −0.17 | −0.7 | −0.14 | −0.3 |
Share toilets | −0.12 | −2.5 | 0.08 | 1.0 | −0.10 | −1.8 | 0.08 | 0.5 | −0.18 | −1.2 | 0.20 | 0.8 |
Number of business trips | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.02 | 5.3 | 0.00 | 0.3 | 0.01 | 1.9 | 0.00 | −0.2 | 0.01 | 1.4 |
Health insurance access | −0.10 | −1.2 | 1.24 | 8.5 | 0.01 | 0.1 | 1.04 | 3.8 | −0.19 | −0.7 | 0.46 | 1.0 |
Away for more than one month | −0.09 | −1.5 | −0.06 | −0.6 | −0.20 | −2.3 | 0.26 | 1.2 | −0.28 | −1.2 | 0.69 | 1.7 |
Mosquito nets ownership | −0.15 | −3.3 | 0.22 | 2.8 | −0.10 | −1.5 | 0.34 | 2.1 | −0.20 | −1.3 | 0.15 | 0.6 |
Not smoking tobacco | −0.02 | −0.5 | 0.41 | 6.4 | −0.07 | −1.4 | 0.42 | 3.5 | −0.06 | −0.5 | 0.59 | 2.7 |
Number of unions | 0.16 | 5.2 | −0.38 | −7.3 | 0.14 | 3.6 | −0.50 | −5.1 | 0.19 | 2.0 | −0.52 | −3.1 |
Breastfed immediately | 0.01 | 0.3 | −0.12 | 1.6 | −0.28 | −5.3 | −0.09 | −0.7 | −0.56 | −4.3 | −0.29 | −1.2 |
Age at birth | −0.11 | −27.3 | 0.09 | 12.8 | −0.05 | −10.4 | 0.08 | 6.1 | −0.10 | −7.9 | 0.10 | 4.3 |
Wealth index | 0.00 | −3.8 | 0.00 | 16.5 | 0.00 | −1.7 | 0.00 | 9.4 | 0.00 | −1.2 | 0.00 | 4.3 |
Child’s birth order | 0.59 | 64.3 | 0.02 | 1.2 | 0.80 | 70.8 | −0.04 | −0.9 | 0.70 | 26.7 | −0.05 | −0.8 |
Spouse education | −0.03 | −8.3 | 0.15 | 23.3 | −0.02 | −3.3 | 0.15 | 12.5 | −0.03 | −2.4 | 0.14 | 6.9 |
Radio | −0.06 | −1.5 | 0.24 | 3.4 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.19 | 1.5 | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0.39 | 1.7 |
Newspapers | 0.19 | 2.9 | 4.45 | 44.3 | 0.00 | 0.0 | 4.62 | 24.8 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 4.83 | 14.5 |
Television | −0.16 | −3.6 | 0.17 | 2.3 | −0.11 | −1.8 | 0.28 | 1.9 | −0.18 | −1.3 | 0.16 | 0.7 |
First child is male | 0.16 | 2.6 | 0.32 | 3.0 | 0.26 | 3.1 | 0.53 | 2.5 | 0.31 | 1.57 | 0.12 | 0.3 |
Constant | 4.99 | 20.3 | 1.22 | 2.9 | 2.04 | 6.6 | 1.94 | 2.4 | 3.08 | 4.7 | 1.12 | 1.0 |
Number of jobs | 11,497.00 | 11,497 | 3605 | 3605 | 1198 | 1198 | ||||||
F (23, 11473) | 467.85 | 389.65 | 381.38 | 133.74 | 69.73 | 41.86 *** | ||||||
Adj R-squared | 0.51 | 0.47 | 0.73 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.47 | ||||||
Mean VIF | 1.37 | 1.39 | 1.40 | 1.54 | 1.44 | 1.49 |
All Children | Children 0–59 Month | Children 0–12 Months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childalive | Coeff | Z stat | Coeff | Z stat | Coeff | Z stat |
Maternal fertility | 0.007 | −0.41 | 0.115 | 4.62 | 1.213 | 10.11 |
Maternal education | 0.008 | 0.31 | 0.054 | 1.21 | 0.902 | 7.47 |
Regions | ||||||
Ndzouani region | −0.020 | −0.30 | −0.117 | −1.01 | 0.091 | 0.7 |
Ngazidja region | −0.173 | −2.46 | −0.267 | −2.19 | 0.596 | 2.59 |
Children are twins | −0.441 | −4.25 | −0.856 | −4.76 | −3.326 | −7.99 |
Gender of child | −0.044 | −1.13 | −0.085 | −1.29 | 0.373 | 2.82 |
Urban residence | 0.182 | 3.54 | 0.177 | 1.92 | −0.078 | −0.42 |
Muslim religion | 0.376 | 2.10 | 0.181 | 0.57 | −1.699 | −3.07 |
Male household head | 0.099 | 2.34 | 0.392 | 5.42 | 1.479 | 8.37 |
Age of head | −0.000 | −0.25 | −0.029 | −9.65 | −0.165 | −10.91 |
Telephone access | 0.119 | 1.44 | 0.191 | 1.38 | 0.733 | 3.03 |
Share toilet | 0.015 | 0.29 | 0.144 | 1.65 | 0.643 | 3.76 |
Number of business trips | −0.005 | −2.05 | −0.004 | −1.40 | −0.009 | −1.71 |
Health insurance access | −0.108 | −1.05 | −0.045 | −0.27 | 0.484 | 1.63 |
Away more than one month | 0.006 | 0.08 | 0.062 | 0.54 | 0.255 | 1.10 |
Mosquito nets ownership | −0.062 | −1.25 | −0.042 | −0.47 | 0.525 | 3.08 |
Not smoking tobacco | 0.039 | 0.98 | 0.111 | 1.63 | −0.155 | −0.94 |
Number of unions | −0.087 | −2.71 | −0.218 | −4.18 | −0.309 | −2.88 |
Breastfed immediately | 0.331 | 6.02 | 0.858 | 9.97 | 2.846 | 11.54 |
Age at first birth | 0.012 | 2.05 | 0.059 | 6.76 | 0.298 | 10.43 |
Wealth index | 0.00 | 1.24 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.000 | −0.71 |
Radio | −0.019 | −0.43 | −0.046 | −0.61 | −0.539 | −3.73 |
Newspapers | −0.032 | −0.21 | 0.089 | 0.36 | −3.283 | −5.68 |
Television | 0.048 | 1.01 | 0.003 | 0.04 | 0.626 | 4.13 |
Education residual | −0.002 | −0.3 | 0.005 | 0.12 | −0.649 | −6.04 |
Fertility residual | −0.075 | −4.5 | −0.876 | −21.42 | −3.532 | −11.32 |
Constant | 1.077 | 4.01 | 0.180 | 0.41 | −10.26 | −8.37 |
Number of observations | 11,497 | 3605 | 1198 | |||
LR Chi Square (22) | 247.66 *** | 1388.62 *** | 1037.21 *** |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Oyekale, A.S.; Maselwa, T.C. Maternal Education, Fertility, and Child Survival in Comoros. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122814
Oyekale AS, Maselwa TC. Maternal Education, Fertility, and Child Survival in Comoros. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122814
Chicago/Turabian StyleOyekale, Abayomi Samuel, and Thonaeng Charity Maselwa. 2018. "Maternal Education, Fertility, and Child Survival in Comoros" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2814. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122814