Health Inequities among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in North Carolina, 2011–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gay or Bisexual (n = 283) % | Heterosexual (n = 12,847) % | p-Value * | Lesbian or Bisexual (n = 321) % | Heterosexual (n = 20,323) % | p-Value * | |
Total | 2.2 | 97.8 | 2.1 | 97.9 | ||
Age, year | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
18–29 | 33.9 | 20.1 | 39.9 | 16.9 | ||
30–44 | 30.4 | 26.1 | 29.3 | 26.0 | ||
45–59 | 25.3 | 27.5 | 24.0 | 27.1 | ||
60 or older | 10.3 | 26.4 | 6.9 | 30.0 | ||
Race/ethnicity | 0.97 | 0.17 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 70.2 | 68.7 | 65.7 | 68.7 | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 18.4 | 18.6 | 21.6 | 20.9 | ||
Hispanic or Latino | 7.3 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 6.4 | ||
Other racial group | 4.1 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 3.9 | ||
Education | <0.001 | 0.21 | ||||
≤high school or GED | 31.6 | 46.6 | 36.1 | 40.4 | ||
Some college or technical school | 41.3 | 29.9 | 33.7 | 34.8 | ||
College graduate | 27.1 | 23.5 | 30.1 | 24.8 | ||
Employment status | 0.17 | 0.02 | ||||
Employed | 55.7 | 61.2 | 55.0 | 46.7 | ||
Not employed | 44.3 | 38.8 | 45.0 | 53.3 | ||
Household Income | 0.07 | 0.32 | ||||
Less than $15,000 | 16.3 | 11.0 | 17.8 | 14.3 | ||
More than $15,000, less than $35,000 | 26.1 | 31.2 | 32.2 | 33.9 | ||
More than $35,000, less than $75,000 | 34.6 | 29.9 | 31.7 | 28.9 | ||
$75,000+ | 22.9 | 28.0 | 18.3 | 22.9 | ||
Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Married or part of unmarried couple | 25.6 | 60.6 | 30.0 | 55.6 | ||
Not married | 74.7 | 39.4 | 70.0 | 44.4 |
Characteristic | Gay or Bisexual (95% CI) % | Heterosexual (95% CI) % | AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Health Status | |||
Fair to poor general health | 15.0 (9.7, 20.4) | 19.5 (18.6, 20.3) | 0.95 (0.61, 1.47) |
≥5 days physical health not good, past 30 days | 24.4 (17.7, 31.2) | 17.4 (16.5, 18.2) | 1.81 (1.20, 2.73) |
≥5 days mental health not good, past 30 days | 33.1 (25.6, 40.6) | 16.3 (15.4, 17.2) | 2.23 (1.54, 3.23) |
Ever diagnosed with depression | 29.8 (22.9, 36.7) | 13.3 (12.5, 14.1) | 2.60 (1.78, 3.79) |
Has a disability | 19.7 (13.7, 25.7) | 17.2 (16.7, 18.4) | 1.28 (0.76, 2.15) |
Chronic conditions | |||
High blood cholesterol (among those tested) | 36.4 (24.5, 48.2) | 42.4 (40.6, 44.3) | 1.09 (0.62, 1.96) |
High blood pressure | 32.5 (22.3, 42.7) | 35.7 (34.1, 37.3) | 1.29 (0.78, 2.14) |
Diabetes | 8.4 (5.5, 11.7) | 11.5 (10.9, 12.2) | 1.12 (0.70, 1.79) |
Heart attack, coronary heart disease, or stroke | 6.6 (3.4, 9.7) | 11.0 (10.4, 11.7) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.71) |
Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) | 7.2 (2.8, 11.6) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.2) | 1.49 (0.74, 2.97) |
Asthma ever diagnosed | 12.3 (7.1, 17.4) | 9.7 (8.9, 10.5) | 1.21 (0.68, 1.85) |
Current asthma | 6.2 (2.1, 10.5) | 5.7 (5.1, 6.3) | 1.00 (0.48, 2.07) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 25.3 (18.3, 32.4) | 29.2 (28.1, 30.3) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) |
Overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 61.1 (53.2, 69.1) | 72.0 (70.9, 73.1) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.02) |
Risk Factors | |||
Ever smoked cigarettes | 47.0 (39.2, 54.8) | 53.3 (52.1, 54.5) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.38) |
Current smoking | 29.3 (22.2, 36.4) | 22.4 (21.4, 23.4) | 1.35 (0.93, 1.95) |
Exposed to secondhand smoke at work (among employed for wages), past 7 days | 9.1 (3.0, 15.3) | 14.1 (12.9, 15.2) | 0.66 (0.31, 1.40) |
Exposed to secondhand smoke at home, past 7 days | 22.6 (15.8, 29.4) | 14.6 (13.7, 15.5) | 1.70 (1.14, 2.55) |
Binge drinking, past 30 days | 26.7 (19.4, 34.0) | 18.6 (17.6, 19.5) | 1.33 (0.90, 1.97) |
Heavy drinking, past 30 days | 8.6 (4.2, 12.9) | 5.7 (5.1, 6.2) | 1.44 (0.81, 2.56) |
<1 fruit/day | 41.6 (26.1, 57.1) | 42.2 (39.7, 44.7) | 1.04 (0.57, 2.08) |
<1 vegetable/day | 20.2 (6.6, 33.8) | 21.0 (18.9, 23.1) | 0.98 (0.41, 2.36) |
Did not meet aerobic physical activity recommendations (≥150 min moderate activity/week) | 48.0 (36.1, 59.9) | 51.5 (49.7, 53.3) | 0.91 (0.56, 1.47) |
Inadequate sleep (<7 h/day), past 7 days | 27.5 (17.3, 37.7) | 33.3 (31.7, 34.9) | 0.74 (0.44, 1.25) |
Does not always wear seatbelt when in a car | 13.1 (7.3, 18.9) | 11.5 (10.7, 12.2) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.89) |
Health care access and satisfaction | |||
No health insurance | 23.0 (16.5, 29.6) | 19.8 (18.8, 20.9) | 1.06 (0.69, 1.64) |
No personal doctor | 21.5 (14.8, 28.3) | 30.2 (29.0, 31.3) | 0.45 (0.29, 0.70) |
Cost prevented needed care, past 12 months | 17.7 (11.6, 23.8) | 15.0 (14.2, 15.9) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.73) |
Not “very satisfied” with health care received | 42.2 (30.5, 53.9) | 36.0 (34.3, 37.7) | 1.21 (0.74, 1.96) |
Health care received | |||
No dental visit, past year | 40.9 (30.4, 51.4) | 38.4 (36.9, 39.9) | 1.23 (0.75, 2.02) |
No checkup, past year | 24.0 (17.3, 30.7) | 31.1 (29.9, 32.2) | 0.57 (0.39, 0.84) |
No HIV test, lifetime | 23.8 (16.7, 30.8) | 62.0 (60.8, 63.2) | 0.22 (0.14, 0.33) |
No cholesterol test, lifetime | 14.9 (5.5, 24.4) | 20.2 (18.6, 21.8) | 0.48 (0.21, 1.10) |
No influenza vaccination, past 12 months | 53.2 (45.3, 61.0) | 59.2 (58.1, 60.3) | 0.63 (0.45, 0.89) |
No PAP test (women), past 3 years | - | - | - |
Characteristic | Lesbian or Bisexual (95% CI) % | Heterosexual (95% CI) % | AOR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Health Status | |||
Fair to poor general health | 21.5 (15.6, 27.3) | 19.7 (18.9, 20.4) | 1.68 (1.14, 2.47) |
≥5 days physical health not good, past 30 days | 22.0 (16.3, 27.8) | 21.5 (20.7, 22.3) | 1.34 (0.94, 1.91) |
≥5 days mental health not good, past 30 days | 40.1 (33.0, 47.3) | 22.8 (21.9, 23.6) | 2.11 (1.56, 2.84) |
Ever diagnosed with depression | 42.2 (35.1, 49.3) | 22.6 (21.8, 23.4) | 2.84 (2.10, 3.84) |
Has a disability | 28.1 (21.7, 34.5) | 16.8 (16.1, 17.5) | 3.52 (2.37, 5.22) |
Chronic conditions | |||
High blood cholesterol (among those tested) | 25.1 (14.4, 35.7) | 40.1 (38.7, 41.6) | 0.82 (0.46, 1.46) |
High blood pressure | 17.9 (9.7, 26.0) | 34.8 (33.5, 36.2) | 0.87 (0.45, 1.65) |
Diabetes | 5.5 (2.7, 8.2) | 11.1 (10.5, 11.6) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.49) |
Heart attack, coronary heart disease, or stroke | 5.9 (2.7, 9.0) | 8.6 (8.2, 9.1) | 1.52 (0.83, 2.81) |
Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) | 10.2 (5.9, 14.5) | 8.2 (7.7, 8.7) | 2.15 (1.31, 3.54) |
Asthma ever diagnosed | 26.7 (20.2, 33.1) | 13.8 (13.1, 14.5) | 2.23 (1.58, 3.14) |
Current asthma | 22.9 (16.7, 29.2) | 10.2 (9.6, 11.0) | 2.66 (1.84, 3.86) |
Obese (BMI ≥ 30) | 36.0 (29.1, 42.9) | 30.8 (29.9, 31.7) | 1.38 (1.01, 1.89) |
Overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 61.8 (54.5, 69.1) | 61.0 (60.0, 62.0) | 1.25 (0.90, 1.72) |
Risk Factors | |||
Ever smoked cigarettes | 52.3 (45.2, 59.3) | 39.0 (38.0, 39.9) | 2.19 (1.64, 2.93) |
Current smoking | 47.0 (39.2, 54.8) | 17.7 (17.0, 18.5) | 1.70 (1.21, 2.38) |
Exposed to secondhand smoke at work (among employed for wages), past 7 days | 8.6 (3.3, 13.8) | 4.3 (3.7, 5.0) | 2.12 (1.05, 4.26) |
Exposed to secondhand smoke at home, past 7 days | 26.7 (20.3, 33.1) | 13.5 (12.8, 14.2) | 2.39 (1.67, 3.41) |
Binge drinking, past 30 days | 22.6 (16.3, 28.9) | 7.9 (7.4, 8.5) | 2.35 (1.62, 3.39) |
Heavy drinking, past 30 days | 8.3 (4.6, 12.1) | 4.4 (3.9, 4.8) | 1.68 (1.02, 2.77) |
<1 fruit/day | 37.4 (21.9, 53.0) | 39.6 (37.5, 41.8) | 0.98 (0.49, 1.95) |
<1 vegetable/day | 15.1 (3.7, 26.5) | 22.4 (20.6, 24.2) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.59) |
Did not meet aerobic physical activity recommendations (≥150 min moderate activity/week) | 48.8 (37.6, 59.9) | 54.2 (52.7, 55.7) | 0.81 (0.51, 1.29) |
Inadequate sleep (<7 h/day), past 7 days | 41.4 (30.6, 52.3) | 34.0 (32.6, 35.4) | 1.31 (0.84, 2.05) |
Does not always wear seatbelt when in a car | 8.7 (4.9, 12.5) | 4.7 (4.3,5.1) | 1.58 (0.95, 2.61) |
No health insurance | 15.3 (10.5, 20.0) | 17.5 (16.7, 18.2) | 0.58 (0.38, 0.90) |
No personal doctor | 23.0 (16.7, 29.2) | 17.1 (16.3, 17.9) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.27) |
Cost prevented needed care, past 12 months | 27.5 (20.9, 34.2) | 20.3 (19.5, 21.1) | 1.25 (0.88, 1.76) |
Not “very satisfied” with health care received | 45.2 (33.8, 56.5) | 33.4 (32.0, 34.8) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.18) |
Health care received | |||
No dental visit, past year | 42.0 (32.5, 51.4) | 31.9 (30.6, 33.1) | 1.54 (1.02, 2.33) |
No checkup, past year | 27.4 (21.1, 33.8) | 20.8 (20.0, 21.6) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) |
No HIV test, lifetime | 30.4 (24.0, 36.8) | 57.2 (56.2, 58.2) | 0.48 (0.34, 0.68) |
No cholesterol test, lifetime | 30.5 (19.2, 41.8) | 14.0 (12.7, 15.2) | 1.44 (0.76, 2.71) |
No influenza vaccination, past 12 months | 58.0 (50.9, 65.0) | 53.1 (52.1, 54.0) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.23) |
No PAP test (women), past 3 years | 22.2 (13.0, 31.3) | 20.0 (18.7, 21.3) | 1.09 (0.63, 1.88) |
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Barnhill, M.M.; Lee, J.G.L.; Rafferty, A.P. Health Inequities among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in North Carolina, 2011–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080835
Barnhill MM, Lee JGL, Rafferty AP. Health Inequities among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in North Carolina, 2011–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080835
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarnhill, Melissa M., Joseph G. L. Lee, and Ann P. Rafferty. 2017. "Health Inequities among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults in North Carolina, 2011–2014" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080835