Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Sample Extraction and Clean-Up
2.4. Solutions and Standards
2.5. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis
2.6. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Analysis
2.7. Quality Control
3. Results
3.1. Pesticide Residues in Analyzed Samples
3.2. MRL Exceedances and Detection Frequencies of Pesticides in Analyzed Samples
3.3. Multiple Residues in Analyzed Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pesticide | % Recovery (RSD) a | LOD (mg·kg−1) b | LOQ (mg·kg−1) c | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fortification Levels (mg·kg−1) | ||||
0.01 | 0.05 | |||
Oxamyl | 94 (4.32) | 89 (8.45) | 0.0020–0.0031 | 0.0059–0.0212 |
Cypermethrin | 86 (5.46) | 92 (6.42) | 0.0013–0.0030 | 0.0051–0.0098 |
Deltamethrin | 89 (3.21) | 86 (4.98) | 0.0019–0.0028 | 0.0034–0.0061 |
Fenpropathrin | 102 (6.80) | 94 (2.04) | 0.0700–0.1869 | 0.2140–0.4521 |
Malathion | 98 (2.67) | 100 (3.98) | 0.0040–0.0092 | 0.0162–0.0312 |
Profenofos | 100 (5.47) | 89 (4.21) | 0.0018–0.0021 | 0.0031–0.0074 |
Monocrotophos | 96 (5.21) | 89 (6.21) | 0.0012–0.0021 | 0.0069–0.0123 |
Primiphos-methyl | 98 (4.89) | 100 (10.18) | 0.0026–0.0089 | 0.0163–0.0281 |
Diazinon | 85 (1.34) | 79 (4.51) | 0.0018–0.0025 | 0.0096–0.0184 |
Chlorpyrifos-methyl | 106 (4.82) | 97 (8.23) | 0.0016–0.0027 | 0.0057–0.0098 |
Imidacloprid | 95 (6.21) | 89 (6.18) | 0.0009–0.0014 | 0.0036–0.0075 |
Acetamiprid | 99 (3.21) | 100 (2.98) | 0.0021–0.0031 | 0.0098–0.0123 |
Thiophanate-methyl | 102 (6.18) | 87 (3.21) | 0.0035–0.0192 | 0.0632–0.0971 |
Metalaxyl | 92 (3.41) | 85 (6.21) | 0.0007–0.0021 | 0.0029–0.0036 |
Difenoconazole | 93 (4.29) | 90 (4.21) | 0.0019–0.0034 | 0.0067–0.0132 |
Aldrin | 89 (3.19) | 85 (2.89) | 0.0008–0.0012 | 0.0049–0.0086 |
Produce | Number of Samples | Without Residue | With Residue < MRL | With Residue > MRL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tomato | 16 | 2 (12%) | 11 (69%) | 3 (19%) |
Carrot | 10 | 9 (90%) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) |
Bell pepper | 12 | 2 (17%) | 10 (83%) | 0 (0%) |
Eggplant | 14 | 5 (36%) | 8 (57%) | 1 (7%) |
Cucumber | 15 | 2 (13%) | 10 (67%) | 3 (20%) |
Zucchini | 12 | 10 (83%) | 2 (17%) | 0 (0%) |
Watermelon | 12 | 2 (17%) | 4 (33%) | 6 (50%) |
Cabbage | 15 | 14 (93%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) |
Potato | 10 | 10 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Apple | 10 | 1 (10%) | 1 (10%) | 8 (80%) |
Grapes | 14 | 2 (14%) | 5 (36%) | 7 (50%) |
Strawberry | 10 | 3 (30%) | 3 (30%) | 4 (40%) |
Total | 150 | 62 (42%) | 56 (37%) | 32 (21%) |
Pesticide | Tom | Car | Bpep | EgP | Cuc | Zuc | WaM | Cab | Pot | App | Grap | Straw |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concentration Range (mg kg−1) | ||||||||||||
Oxamyl | nd–0.09 | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.98 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Cypermethrin | 0.02–0.24 * | nd | nd | nd–0.13 * | nd | nd | nd–0.09 | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.28 * | nd |
Deltamethrin | nd | nd | nd–0.02 | nd | nd | nd | 0.06–0.29 * | nd | nd | 0.2–0.32 * | 0.032–0.38 * | nd–0.09 |
Fenpropathrin | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd–1.2 |
Malathion | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.09–0.58 * | nd | nd–0.98 |
Profenofos | 0.02–0.39 | nd | nd–0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Monocrotophos | nd–0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.04 | nd | nd–0.02 * | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Primiphos–methyl | nd–0.1 | nd | 0.091–0.2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Diazinon | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.08 | nd | nd–0.12 * |
Chlorpyrifos–methyl | nd–0.08 | nd–0.03 | nd–0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd–1.32 * | nd |
Imidacloprid | nd–0.51 * | nd | nd–0.01 | nd–0.09 | 0.05–1.2 * | nd–0.08 | nd–0.23 * | nd | nd | 0.2–0.65 * | nd–0.98 | nd–0.2 |
Acetamiprid | nd | nd | nd–0.05 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.1 | nd | nd | nd | nd–1.01 * |
Thiophanate–methyl | nd–0.3 | nd | nd | nd | nb–0.19 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Metalaxyl | nd–0.2 | nd | nd–0.01 | nd | 0.01–0.06 | nd | nd–0.08 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Difenoconazole | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.04–0.1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
Aldrin | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd–0.02 | nd | nd |
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Jallow, M.F.A.; Awadh, D.G.; Albaho, M.S.; Devi, V.Y.; Ahmad, N. Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080833
Jallow MFA, Awadh DG, Albaho MS, Devi VY, Ahmad N. Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080833
Chicago/Turabian StyleJallow, Mustapha F. A., Dawood G. Awadh, Mohammed S. Albaho, Vimala Y. Devi, and Nisar Ahmad. 2017. "Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits and Vegetables in Kuwait" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080833