Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in the Coastal Area of Mid-Eastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Soil Collection and Analysis
2.3. Calculation of Soil C and N Density
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Properties of Uncultivated Coastal Tidal Flat
3.2. SOC and TN Density of Uncultivated Coastal Tidal Flat and Cropland
3.3. The Effect of Cultivation Time on SOC and TN of Cropland
3.4. Mapping Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen of Soil by Kriging
4. Discussion
4.1. OC and TN in Soil of the Coastal Tidal Flat
4.2. Effect of Land Use Changes on SOC and TN
4.3. SOC and TN Following Long-Term Cultivation
4.4. The Potential of Soil Carbon Sequestration at the Reclaimed Coastal Tidal Flats
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BD | pH | SW | SOC | TN | Sand | Silt | Clay | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BD | 1 | |||||||
pH | 0.159 | 1 | ||||||
SW | 0.119 | 0.541 | 1 | |||||
SOC | −0.004 | 0.161 | 0.145 | 1 | ||||
TN | −0.567 | 0.379 | −0.012 | 0.197 | 1 | |||
Sand | 0.578 | 0.262 | 0.416 | −0.081 | −0.298 | 1 | ||
Silt | −0.517 | −0.255 | −0.359 | 0.057 | 0.271 | −0.991 ** | 1 | |
Clay | −0.717 * | −0.237 | −0.570 | 0.166 | 0.353 | −0.830 ** | 0.749 * | 1 |
Minimum | 0.94 | 8.33 | 9.21 | 1.62 | 0.15 | 22.56 | 34.81 | 1.88 |
Maximum | 1.66 | 9.00 | 20.63 | 3.75 | 0.25 | 63.31 | 66.12 | 11.33 |
Mean | 1.36 | 8.67 | 13.51 | 2.49 | 0.21 | 44.29 | 50.73 | 4.97 |
SE | 0.08 | 0.09 | 1.16 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 4.53 | 3.81 | 0.91 |
CV | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.55 |
Skewness | −0.67 | 0.05 | 1.09 | 0.94 | −0.68 | 0.06 | −0.31 | 1.73 |
Kurtosis | −0.10 | −1.59 | 1.21 | 2.59 | 0.06 | −0.85 | −1.46 | 3.96 |
OC | TN | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SE | CV | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC | 1.000 | 2.90 | 17.20 | 10.72 | 3.12 | 0.29 | −0.28 | −0.70 | |
TN | 0.946 ** | 1.000 | 0.44 | 1.94 | 1.30 | 0.29 | 0.23 | −0.54 | −0.02 |
SOC (g·kg−1) | TN (g·kg−1) | C/N | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std | Mean | Std | Mean | Std | |
Zone E (n = 48) | 5.76a | 1.43 | 0.86a | 0.20 | 6.78a | 0.79 |
Zone D (n = 70) | 7.74b | 1.70 | 1.06b | 0.24 | 7.38b | 0.88 |
Zone C (n = 45) | 9.22c | 1.64 | 1.17c | 0.20 | 7.91c | 0.52 |
Zone B (n = 92) | 11.42d | 1.87 | 1.37d | 0.17 | 8.30d | 0.60 |
Zone A (n = 199) | 12.98e | 1.89 | 1.49e | 0.19 | 8.71e | 0.58 |
Model | Nugget | Sill | Nugget/Sill | Range | Cross Validation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MS | RMS | ASE | RMSS | ||||||
SOC | circular | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.98 |
spherical | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 1.00 | |
Exponential | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 1.37 | |
Gaussian | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.69 | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.77 | |
N | circular | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.78 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.91 |
spherical | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.92 | |
Exponential | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.78 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.06 | |
Gaussian | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.78 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.78 |
Index | Depth | Value | Date Source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gulf of Mexico | Salt marsh | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.010–0.190 | [17] |
Mangrove | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.024–0.071 | [17] | |
Coastal wetlands | OC | 0–15 cm | 2.03–34.69 | [34] | |
Freshwater marsh | OC | 0–20 cm | 137.3 | [35] | |
Freshwater swamp | OC | 0–20 cm | 200 | [35] | |
Pacific and India Ocean | Mangrove | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.023–0.040 | [17] |
Native forest | OC | 0–10 cm | 60.8 | [36] | |
Perennial pasture | OC | 0–10 cm | 30.1 | [36] | |
Northeast Atlantic | Salt marsh | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.020–0.041 | [17] |
Southwest Atlantic | Salt marsh | OC | 0–5 cm | 67 | [37] |
Bare sediment | OC | 0–5 cm | 14 | [37] | |
Northwest Atlantic | Salt marsh | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.018–0.078 | [17] |
Mediterranean | Salt marsh | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.073 | [17] |
Northeastern Pacific | Salt marsh | CD | 0–2 cm | 0.009–0.040 | [17] |
Southeastern Pacific | Cropland | TC | 0–2.5 cm | 4.6–7.4 | [38] |
Cropland | OC | 0–5 cm | 4.96 | [39] | |
Southwestern Pacific | Rice paddy | OC | 0–7 cm | 17.8 | [22] |
Cropland | OC | 0–20 cm | 13.48 | [6] | |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–13 cm | 10.9 | [22] | |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–20 cm | 15.44–21.83 | [6] | |
Bare sediment | OC | 0–30 cm | 5.1 | [22] | |
Mid-western Pacific | Salt marsh | OC | 0–8 cm | 15.68 | [40] |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–20 cm | 1.28 | [41] | |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–30 cm | 1–10 | [42] | |
Tidal flat | OM | 0–20 cm | 4.78 | [43] | |
Salt marsh | OC | 5–20 cm | 4–8.23 | [44] | |
Bare sediment | OC | 0–20 cm | 0.69 | [45] | |
Tidal flat | OC | 0–20 cm | 2.49 | our study | |
Cropland | OC | 0–20 cm | 5.76–12.98 | our study | |
Cropland | OC | 0–8 cm | 5.70–24.35 | [40] | |
Cropland | OC | 0–20 cm | 4.2–22.5 | [31,46] | |
Northwestern Pacific | Salt marsh | OM | 0–20 cm | 130.09 | [32] |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–15 cm | 9.09 | [47] | |
Salt marsh | OC | 0–60 cm | 2.15–5.00 | [48] | |
Bare sediment | OC | 0–15 cm | 6.68 | [47] | |
Rice paddy | OM | 0–20 cm | 29 | [32] |
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Xu, Y.; Pu, L.; Liao, Q.; Zhu, M.; Yu, X.; Mao, T.; Xu, C. Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in the Coastal Area of Mid-Eastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070780
Xu Y, Pu L, Liao Q, Zhu M, Yu X, Mao T, Xu C. Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in the Coastal Area of Mid-Eastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070780
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Yan, Lijie Pu, Qilin Liao, Ming Zhu, Xue Yu, Tianying Mao, and Chenxing Xu. 2017. "Spatial Variation of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in the Coastal Area of Mid-Eastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070780