Developing a Hierarchical Model for the Spatial Analysis of PM10 Pollution Extremes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methodology
2.2.1. A Nonstationary GEV Model
2.2.2. Proposed Approach
2.2.3. Maximum Likelihood Estimation
2.2.4. Bayesian Implementation
2.2.5. Simulation Study
2.2.6. Maxima in Pollution Levels
Data Collection
Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Symbol | Long | Lat | Min. | 1st Qu. | Median | Mean | 3rd Qu. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acolman | ACO | 9907 03.89 | 192804.4 | 76 | 166.2 | 197.5 | 230.5 | 252.5 | 535 |
Ajusco Medio | AJM | 991216.54 | 193144.67 | 92 | 99 | 109 | 121.1 | 137 | 175 |
Atizapan | ATI | 990456.64 | 193133.58 | 108 | 137 | 185 | 203.9 | 256 | 387 |
Benito Juárez | BJU | 990710.53 | 192528.59 | 102 | 118.5 | 127 | 265.8 | 274.2 | 707 |
Camarones | CAM | 991214.88 | 191930.52 | 102 | 150 | 181.5 | 189.8 | 213.2 | 462 |
Cerro de la Estrella | CES | 990428.84 | 192005.03 | 130 | 279 | 373 | 444 | 617.5 | 1023 |
Chalco | CHO | 990134.02 | 192516.14 | 150 | 207.5 | 283 | 272.3 | 341 | 401 |
Cuajimalpa | CUA | 991037.82 | 193609.15 | 75 | 108 | 119 | 131.7 | 168 | 191 |
Cuautitlán | CUT | 990547.72 | 193929.60 | 198 | 267.2 | 297 | 289.5 | 305 | 427 |
FES Acatlán | FAC | 990038.03 | 191447.25 | 98 | 167.5 | 248 | 272.3 | 364 | 758 |
Hangares | HAN | 990859.97 | 191852.12 | 117 | 228 | 302 | 333.8 | 369 | 959 |
Hospital General de México | HGM | 991436.68 | 192856.90 | 96 | 143.8 | 153 | 190 | 193.2 | 376 |
Investigaciones Nucleares | INN | 990501.04 | 192513.86 | 69 | 71.25 | 120 | 142 | 190.8 | 259 |
Iztacalco | IZT | 991200.39 | 192157.12 | 78 | 128.5 | 186 | 230.8 | 317 | 569 |
La Villa | LVI | 990149.16 | 193158.68 | 118 | 203.8 | 286 | 309 | 355.5 | 871 |
Merced | MER | 990723.53 | 192008.48 | 109 | 187.5 | 290.5 | 357.8 | 437 | 1233 |
Miguel Hidalgo | MGH | 990703.50 | 192303.88 | 100 | 109 | 121 | 134.7 | 137 | 230 |
Milpa Alta | MPA | 985443.21 | 193807.8 | 119 | 123.5 | 128 | 150.3 | 166 | 204 |
Netzahualcoyotl | NET | 991011.25 | 192806.25 | 298 | 580.5 | 737 | 722.4 | 887 | 991 |
Pedregal | PED | 990425.96 | 192138.85 | 94 | 146 | 189 | 233 | 284 | 884 |
Plateros | PLA | 990907.94 | 192441.82 | 112 | 178 | 233 | 241.2 | 294 | 440 |
San Agustín | SAG | 991546.31 | 192126.48 | 104 | 216.5 | 346 | 430.9 | 571 | 1570 |
Santa Fe | SFE | 991154.96 | 194319.86 | 91 | 131 | 149 | 159.2 | 182 | 267 |
Santa Ursula | SUR | 985309.91 | 191601.01 | 100 | 164 | 237 | 265.8 | 335 | 603 |
Tlahuac | TAH | 991514.87 | 193437.06 | 91 | 183 | 281 | 336.9 | 463.2 | 977 |
Taxqueña | TAX | 991730.13 | 192155.12 | 128 | 188.5 | 262 | 280.6 | 334.5 | 513 |
Tlalnepantla | TLA | 991209.57 | 192414.58 | 121 | 190 | 236 | 317.3 | 374 | 912 |
Tultitlán | TLI | 991227.87 | 191619.77 | 41 | 203.2 | 293 | 303 | 368.5 | 828 |
UAM Iztapalapa | UIZ | 990934.54 | 192213.67 | 105 | 158 | 172 | 201.8 | 238 | 539 |
Villa de las Flores | VIF | 992249.87 | 191731.08 | 82 | 243.8 | 380.5 | 405.8 | 470.8 | 1269 |
Xalostoc | XAL | 985924.68 | 191036.83 | 187 | 330 | 443 | 497 | 609 | 1076 |
% Method | Model | Deviance | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ML | GEV0 | 32 | 0.12 | ||
GEV1 | |||||
Penalized ML | GEV0 | 26.6 | 0.33 | ||
GEV1 |
% Parameter | Mean | 95% CI |
---|---|---|
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Aguirre-Salado, A.I.; Vaquera-Huerta, H.; Aguirre-Salado, C.A.; Reyes-Mora, S.; Olvera-Cervantes, A.D.; Lancho-Romero, G.A.; Soubervielle-Montalvo, C. Developing a Hierarchical Model for the Spatial Analysis of PM10 Pollution Extremes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070734
Aguirre-Salado AI, Vaquera-Huerta H, Aguirre-Salado CA, Reyes-Mora S, Olvera-Cervantes AD, Lancho-Romero GA, Soubervielle-Montalvo C. Developing a Hierarchical Model for the Spatial Analysis of PM10 Pollution Extremes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070734
Chicago/Turabian StyleAguirre-Salado, Alejandro Ivan, Humberto Vaquera-Huerta, Carlos Arturo Aguirre-Salado, Silvia Reyes-Mora, Ana Delia Olvera-Cervantes, Guillermo Arturo Lancho-Romero, and Carlos Soubervielle-Montalvo. 2017. "Developing a Hierarchical Model for the Spatial Analysis of PM10 Pollution Extremes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070734