The Impact of a Nickel-Copper Smelter on Concentrations of Toxic Elements in Local Wild Food from the Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian Border Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Sites and Sample Collection
2.2. Chemical Analyses
2.3. Data Treatment and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Trends in Local Wild Foods
3.1.1. Spatial Trends in Berries and Mushrooms
3.1.2. Spatial Trends in Fish Muscle Tissue
3.1.3. Spatial Trends in Game Muscle Tissue
3.2. Assessment of the Concentration of Toxic Elements in Food Groups
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Trends in Local Wild Foods
4.2. Assessment of the Concentration of Toxic Elements in Food Groups
4.3. Considerations of Risk by Wild Food Consumptions
4.4. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Norway * | Russia | Finland | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n Sites | n Samples | n Sites | n Samples | n Sites | n Samples | |
Berries | 16 | 56 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 9 |
Bilberry (Vaccínium myrtíllus) | 8 | 20 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Lingonberry (Vaccínium vítis-idaéa) | 6 | 16 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 |
Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) | 7 | 11 | - | - | 1 | 3 |
Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) | 3 | 9 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Bog bilberry (Vaccínium uliginósum) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Mushrooms | 6 | 24 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 3 |
Orange birch bolete (Leccinum versipelle) | 4 | 12 | - | - | - | - |
Orange oak bolete (Leccinum aurantiacum) | - | - | 4 | 4 | - | - |
Birch bolete (Leccinum scabrum) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Gypsy mushroom (Cortinarius caperatus) | 4 | 12 | - | - | - | - |
Rufous milkcap (Lactarius rufus) | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Bearded milkcap (Lactarius torminosus) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Rollrim milkcap (Lactarius resimus) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Russula (Russulaceae) | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Mixed mushrooms | - | - | - | - | 1 | 2 |
Fish muscle | 7 (lakes) ** | 19 | 5 (lakes) ** | 14 | 2 (lakes) ** | 8 |
Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Perch (Perca fluviatilis) | 3 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Pike (Esox lucius) | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
Game muscle | 2 (region) ** | 13 | 1 (region) ** | 1 | 6 (region) ** | 9 |
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) | 1 | 10 | - | - | 1 | 3 |
Moose (Alces alces) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) | - | - | - | - | 2 | 3 |
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Hansen, M.D.; Nøst, T.H.; Heimstad, E.S.; Evenset, A.; Dudarev, A.A.; Rautio, A.; Myllynen, P.; Dushkina, E.V.; Jagodic, M.; Christensen, G.N.; et al. The Impact of a Nickel-Copper Smelter on Concentrations of Toxic Elements in Local Wild Food from the Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian Border Regions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070694
Hansen MD, Nøst TH, Heimstad ES, Evenset A, Dudarev AA, Rautio A, Myllynen P, Dushkina EV, Jagodic M, Christensen GN, et al. The Impact of a Nickel-Copper Smelter on Concentrations of Toxic Elements in Local Wild Food from the Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian Border Regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070694
Chicago/Turabian StyleHansen, Martine D., Therese H. Nøst, Eldbjørg S. Heimstad, Anita Evenset, Alexey A. Dudarev, Arja Rautio, Päivi Myllynen, Eugenia V. Dushkina, Marta Jagodic, Guttorm N. Christensen, and et al. 2017. "The Impact of a Nickel-Copper Smelter on Concentrations of Toxic Elements in Local Wild Food from the Norwegian, Finnish, and Russian Border Regions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070694