Lower Physical Performance in Colder Seasons and Colder Houses: Evidence from a Field Study on Older People Living in the Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement of Physical Performance
2.3. Measurement of Indoor Temperature
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Analysis
3.2. Seasonal Differences of Physical Performance
3.3. Influence from Cold Housing on Seasonal Differences of Physical Performance
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Participants from Physical Performance Assessment (n = 98) | Participants with Indoor Temperature Measurement (n = 36) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, (years), mean (SD) | 79.43 | (7.69) | 81.38 | (5.81) |
BMI, (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.73 | (3.13) | 22.85 | (3.12) |
Female, n (%) | 54 | (55.10) | 19 | (52.78) |
Economic satisfaction, n (%) | ||||
Very satisfied | 9 | (9.18) | 6 | (16.67) |
Somewhat satisfied | 67 | (68.37) | 20 | (55.56) |
Not very satisfied | 14 | (15.29) | 7 | (19.44) |
Not satisfied at all | 7 | (7.14) | 3 | (8.33) |
No answer | 1 | (1.02) | 0 | (0.0) |
Building age, n (%) | ||||
0–10 years | 11 | (11.22) | 5 | (13.89) |
11–20 years | 9 | (9.18) | 2 | (5.56) |
21–30 years | 24 | (24.49) | 7 | (19.44) |
31–40 years | 18 | (18.37) | 9 | (25.00) |
More than 41 years | 35 | (35.71) | 13 | (36.11) |
Window glass panes, n (%) | ||||
One glass pane | 71 | (72.45) | 26 | (72.22) |
Two glass panes | 27 | (27.55) | 10 | (27.78) |
Room temperature, (°C) mean (SD) | ||||
Living room | 16.76 | (1.64) | ||
Bedroom | 15.46 | (1.83) | ||
Dressing room | 14.59 | (1.91) |
Variable | Autumn | Winter | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grip strength, (kg), R, n = 98 | 21.47 | (7.33) | 20.05 | (7.25) | <0.0001 |
Grip strength, (kg), L, n = 98 | 19.71 | (6.84) | 19.09 | (7.12) | 0.009 |
Static postural and balance control, (-), R, n = 94 | 0.71 | (0.41) | 0.61 | (0.50) | 0.018 |
Static postural and balance control, (-), L, n = 93 | 0.68 | (0.46) | 0.59 | (0.45) | 0.020 |
Balance and gait function, (sec), R, n = 98 | 12.57 | (8.77) | 12.61 | (7.39) | 0.938 |
Balance and gait function, (sec), L, n = 98 | 12.79 | (10.30) | 12.58 | (7.32) | 0.743 |
Variable | Age (Years) | BMI (kg/m2) | Sex | Economic Satisfaction |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grip strength, (kg), R, n = 98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.01 |
Grip strength, (kg), L, n = 98 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 |
Static postural and balance control, (-), R, n = 94 | 0.00 | −0.01 | −0.40 | −0.26 |
Static postural and balance control, (-), L, n = 93 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.02 |
All variables were not significant. |
Variable | Cold | Warm | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | |||||
Male | 12 | (42.85) | 5 | (62.50) | 0.434 |
Female | 16 | (57.14) | 3 | (37.50) | |
Age, (years), mean (SD) | 82.08 | 5.78 | 79.13 | 6.10 | 0.221 |
BMI, (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.79 | 3.14 | 23.05 | 3.46 | 0.846 |
Economic satisfaction, n (%) | |||||
Very satisfied | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | 0.546 |
Somewhat satisfied | 12 | (42.85) | 5 | (62.50) | |
Not very satisfied | 13 | (46.43) | 2 | (25.00) | |
Not satisfied at all | 3 | (10.71) | 1 | (12.50) |
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Hayashi, Y.; Schmidt, S.M.; Malmgren Fänge, A.; Hoshi, T.; Ikaga, T. Lower Physical Performance in Colder Seasons and Colder Houses: Evidence from a Field Study on Older People Living in the Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060651
Hayashi Y, Schmidt SM, Malmgren Fänge A, Hoshi T, Ikaga T. Lower Physical Performance in Colder Seasons and Colder Houses: Evidence from a Field Study on Older People Living in the Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(6):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060651
Chicago/Turabian StyleHayashi, Yukie, Steven M. Schmidt, Agneta Malmgren Fänge, Tanji Hoshi, and Toshiharu Ikaga. 2017. "Lower Physical Performance in Colder Seasons and Colder Houses: Evidence from a Field Study on Older People Living in the Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060651