Gender-Specific Impact of Cadmium Exposure on Bone Metabolism in Older People Living in a Cadmium-Polluted Area in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Sample Collection and Measurement of Biomarkers
2.4. Cd Measurement in Urine and Blood
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bone Metabolism Factors and Cd Exposure
3.1.1. Comparison of Bone Metabolism Factors and Cd Exposure between Men and Women
3.1.2. Correlation between Bone Markers and Markers of Cd Exposure and Ca Metabolism
3.2. Adjusted Associations between Bone Markers and Cd Exposure
3.2.1. Associations between Urinary NTx and Urinary and Blood Cd
3.2.2. Associations between Serum OC and Urinary and Blood Cd
3.2.3. Risk (Odds Ratios) for Bone Metabolic Disorders Indicated by High Urinary NTx, Ca Metabolism, and Cd Exposure Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Men (N = 61) | Women (N = 69) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p-Val | Range | ||
Age | years | 71.7 | 4.2 | 70.6 | 3.8 | 0.109 | |
Height | cm | 158.7 | 6.0 | 148.8 | 4.4 | 0.000 | |
Weight | kg | 49.3 | 8.0 | 45.2 | 9.6 | 0.011 | |
BMI | 19.6 | 2.9 | 20.5 | 4.0 | 0.141 | ||
Urinary NTx | nM BCE/mM Crea | 41.9 | 1.9 | 67.5 | 1.8 | 0.000 | <54.3 |
≥66.2 a (%) | 11 | (34.4) | |||||
≥89.0 b (%) | 19 | (27.5) | |||||
Serum OC | ng/mL | 6.7 | 3.4 | 7.7 | 4.6 | 0.164 | <12.7 |
≥12.7 c (%) | 5 | (8.2) | 6 | (8.7) | 0.919 | ||
whole PTH | pg/mL | 14.4 | 5.8 | 16.1 | 6.9 | 0.144 | 8.3–38.7 |
Serum Crea | mg/dL | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.000 | 0.4–1.5 |
Urinary Crea | g/L | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.056 | 1–1.5 |
Urinary VitDBP | mg/g Crea | 125.8 | 3.9 | 135.7 | 3.3 | 0.743 | 300–600 |
FECa | % | 0.8 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 0.328 | 2–4 |
FEP | % | 11.6 | 2.0 | 7.9 | 2.1 | 0.004 | 10–20 |
Blood Cd | g/L | 9.4 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 3.0 | 0.000 | <5 |
≥10.0 (%) | 26 | (42.6) | 5 | (7.2) | 0.001 | ||
Urinary Cd | μg/g Crea | 6.7 | 1.8 | 6.5 | 1.8 | 0.798 | <5 |
≥10.0 (%) | 18 | (29.5) | 17 | (24.6) | 0.532 |
Sex | Renal/Exposure Markers | Urinary NTx | Serum OC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corr Co. | p-Val | Corr Co. | p-Val | ||
Men | PTH | 0.222 | 0.094 | 0.286 | 0.029 |
Serum Crea | −0.072 | 0.581 | 0.278 | 0.030 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.212 | 0.111 | 0.214 | 0.106 | |
FECa | 0.375 | 0.004 | 0.054 | 0.686 | |
FEP | 0.076 | 0.572 | 0.151 | 0.290 | |
Urinary Cd | 0.196 | 0.139 | 0.027 | 0.839 | |
Blood Cd | 0.241 | 0.068 | 0.052 | 0.699 | |
Women | PTH | −0.272 | 0.028 | 0.138 | 0.275 |
Serum Crea | −0.362 | 0.002 | 0.320 | 0.007 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.313 | 0.011 | 0.265 | 0.021 | |
FECa | 0.614 | 0.000 | 0.114 | 0.365 | |
FEP | 0.041 | 0.746 | 0.001 | 0.997 | |
Urinary Cd | 0.407 | 0.001 | 0.120 | 0.101 | |
Blood Cd | 0.273 | 0.028 | 0.205 | 0.101 |
Sex | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Factors | β | 75%CI | p-Val | β | 75%CI | p-Val | ||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
Model 1 | Age | −0.107 | −0.354 | 0.139 | 0.385 | 0.015 | −0.201 | 0.232 | 0.887 |
Smoking habit | 0.323 | 0.094 | 0.553 | 0.007 | 0.040 | −0.152 | 0.232 | 0.676 | |
Drinking habit | 0.048 | −0.182 | 0.276 | 0.683 | −0.105 | −0.297 | 0.086 | 0.275 | |
BMI | −0.186 | −0.406 | 0.034 | 0.096 | −0.145 | −0.360 | 0.070 | 0.181 | |
PTH | 0.246 | 0.003 | 0.489 | 0.047 | −0.002 | −0.205 | 0.202 | 0.985 | |
Serum Crea | 0.001 | −0.293 | 0.294 | 0.996 | −0.091 | −0.313 | 0.131 | 0.414 | |
FECa | 0.254 | 0.01 | 0.498 | 0.041 | 0.420 | 0.194 | 0.647 | 0.000 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.195 | −0.078 | 0.468 | 0.157 | 0.138 | −0.086 | 0.361 | 0.222 | |
Urinary Cd | 0.373 | 0.152 | 0.595 | 0.001 | 0.243 | 0.030 | 0.456 | 0.026 | |
Model 2 | Age | −0.054 | −0.295 | 0.188 | 0.658 | −0.003 | −0.231 | 0.225 | 0.976 |
Smoking habit | 0.324 | 0.099 | 0.548 | 0.006 | 0.030 | −0.174 | 0.234 | 0.767 | |
Drinking habit | 0.023 | −0.200 | 0.246 | 0.836 | −0.097 | −0.298 | 0.104 | 0.340 | |
BMI | −0.118 | −0.333 | 0.097 | 0.276 | −0.207 | −0.422 | 0.009 | 0.060 | |
PTH | 0.270 | 0.030 | 0.509 | 0.028 | −0.040 | −0.248 | 0.169 | 0.704 | |
Serum Crea | −0.112 | −0.392 | 0.167 | 0.424 | −0.100 | −0.330 | 0.131 | 0.390 | |
FECa | 0.310 | 0.067 | 0.553 | 0.013 | 0.450 | 0.213 | 0.687 | 0.000 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.265 | −0.001 | 0.531 | 0.051 | 0.171 | −0.059 | 0.402 | 0.142 | |
Blood Cd | 0.408 | 0.190 | 0.627 | 0.000 | 0.068 | −0.144 | 0.279 | 0.525 |
Sex | Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Facotrs | β | 75% CI | p-Val | β | 75% CI | p-Val | ||
Lower | Upper | Lower | Upper | ||||||
Model 1 | Age | 0.190 | −0.092 | 0.472 | 0.183 | 0.059 | −0.182 | 0.301 | 0.626 |
Smoking habit | 0.171 | −0.092 | 0.434 | 0.198 | −0.049 | −0.264 | 0.165 | 0.647 | |
Drinking habit | 0.047 | −0.215 | 0.309 | 0.719 | −0.053 | −0.267 | 0.161 | 0.623 | |
BMI | 0.150 | −0.102 | 0.403 | 0.237 | −0.308 | −0.548 | −0.068 | 0.013 | |
PTH | 0.077 | −0.202 | 0.355 | 0.583 | 0.086 | −0.141 | 0.313 | 0.452 | |
Serum Crea | 0.311 | −0.025 | 0.648 | 0.069 | 0.388 | 0.140 | 0.635 | 0.003 | |
FECa | 0.021 | −0.258 | 0.301 | 0.880 | 0.183 | −0.070 | 0.436 | 0.153 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.152 | −0.161 | 0.465 | 0.333 | 0.176 | −0.074 | 0.426 | 0.164 | |
Urinary Cd | 0.200 | −0.054 | 0.454 | 0.120 | 0.050 | −0.188 | 0.287 | 0.678 | |
Model 2 | Age | 0.223 | −0.053 | 0.500 | 0.111 | 0.061 | −0.184 | 0.307 | 0.619 |
Smoking habit | 0.170 | −0.087 | 0.427 | 0.191 | −0.045 | −0.264 | 0.174 | 0.683 | |
Drinking habit | 0.037 | −0.218 | 0.293 | 0.771 | −0.055 | −0.271 | 0.161 | 0.612 | |
BMI | 0.191 | −0.056 | 0.437 | 0.127 | −0.324 | −0.556 | −0.092 | 0.007 | |
PTH | 0.101 | −0.174 | 0.375 | 0.465 | 0.076 | −0.148 | 0.301 | 0.498 | |
Serum Crea | 0.250 | −0.070 | 0.571 | 0.123 | 0.388 | 0.140 | 0.636 | 0.003 | |
FECa | 0.063 | −0.215 | 0.341 | 0.651 | 0.197 | −0.058 | 0.452 | 0.128 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 0.193 | −0.112 | 0.498 | 0.210 | 0.184 | −0.064 | 0.432 | 0.142 | |
Blood Cd | 0.273 | 0.023 | 0.523 | 0.033 | −0.019 | −0.246 | 0.209 | 0.869 |
Model | Factors | OR | 75% CI | p-Val | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Men (total N = 61) | Urinary NTx ≥ 66.2 a | (N = 11) | |||
Model 1 | PTH | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.648 |
Serum Crea | 2.2 | 0.1 | 36.0 | 0.591 | |
FECa | 37.9 | 1.5 | 948.9 | 0.027 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 4.4 | 0.6 | 30.0 | 0.134 | |
Urinary Cd < 10 | 1.0 | ||||
≥10 μg/g Crea | 10.1 | 1.1 | 90.8 | 0.039 | |
Model 2 | PTH | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.989 |
Serum Crea | 2.1 | 0.1 | 44.3 | 0.633 | |
FECa | 67.3 | 2.0 | 2259 | 0.019 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 4.6 | 0.6 | 37.0 | 0.156 | |
Blood Cd < 10 | 1.0 | ||||
≥ 10 μg/L | 23.2 | 1.5 | 354.7 | 0.024 | |
Women (total N = 69) | Urinary NTx ≥ 89.0 b | (N = 19) | |||
Model 1 | PTH | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.122 |
Serum Crea | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.191 | |
FECa | 5.8 | 0.7 | 48.3 | 0.106 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 2.2 | 0.5 | 9.7 | 0.305 | |
Urinary Cd < 10 | 1.0 | ||||
≥10 μg/g Crea | 0.9 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 0.856 | |
Model 2 | PTH | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.107 |
Serum Crea | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.171 | |
FECa | 5.8 | 0.8 | 41.9 | 0.083 | |
Urinary VitDBP | 2.4 | 0.5 | 10.7 | 0.263 | |
Blood Cd < 10 | 1.0 | ||||
≥10 μg/L | 0.5 | 0.0 | 10.7 | 0.633 |
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Nishijo, M.; Nambunmee, K.; Suvagandha, D.; Swaddiwudhipong, W.; Ruangyuttikarn, W.; Nishino, Y. Gender-Specific Impact of Cadmium Exposure on Bone Metabolism in Older People Living in a Cadmium-Polluted Area in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040401
Nishijo M, Nambunmee K, Suvagandha D, Swaddiwudhipong W, Ruangyuttikarn W, Nishino Y. Gender-Specific Impact of Cadmium Exposure on Bone Metabolism in Older People Living in a Cadmium-Polluted Area in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(4):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040401
Chicago/Turabian StyleNishijo, Muneko, Kowit Nambunmee, Dhitiwass Suvagandha, Witaya Swaddiwudhipong, Werawan Ruangyuttikarn, and Yoshikazu Nishino. 2017. "Gender-Specific Impact of Cadmium Exposure on Bone Metabolism in Older People Living in a Cadmium-Polluted Area in Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040401