Association between Small Fetuses and Puberty Timing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Selection Criteria
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Data Screening and Extraction
2.4. Risk of Bias Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening Results
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. Risk of Bias in Included Studies
3.4. Meta-Analysis
3.4.1. Number of Pubertal Children
3.4.2. Age at Onset of Puberty
3.4.3. Age at Menarche
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Sample Size, n SF/Control | Age Range | Follow-Up Period | Type of SF | Definition of SF | Reference Standard | Country/Areas | Main Outcomes | Mark of Onset of Puberty | Proportion of Individuals Entered Puberty, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ford 2000 [24] | 206/60 | 0–14 years | 1977–1996 | LBW | Birth weight <1500 g | This study | Australia | No. of breast stage > 3, No. of testicular volume ≥ 12 mL | B3 for girls, Testicular volume > 12 mL for boys | 80.6 |
Veening 2004 [25] | 29/24 | 9–15 years | 1980–1983 | SGA | Birth weight below the 10th percentile corrected for gestational age, gender and parity | Dutch reference | Netherlands | No. of breast stage > 2, No. of testicular volume ≥ 4 mL, Age at menarche | B2 for girls, Testicular volume > 4 mL for boys | 72.9 |
Weissenbruch 2006 [26] | 100.0 * | |||||||||
Lazar 2003 [27] | 76/52 | 0–14 years | Not mentioned | SGA | Birth weight <−2 SD for gestational age | This study | Israel | Age at menarche, age at onset of puberty | Pubertal signs (gonadarche with or without pubarche) appeared | 100.0 * |
Persson 1999 [28] | 101/806 | 0–18 years | 1973–1995 | SGA | Birth weight <−2 SD for gestational age | This study | Sweden | Age at onset of puberty, age at menarche | Growth spurt | 100.0 * |
Chaudhari 2008 [29] | 73/90 | 0–15 years | 1987–2001 | SGA | India criterion | India reference | India | No. of Tanner stage > 2, age at menarche | B2 for girls, G2 for boys | 74.0, 100.0 * |
Wehkalampi 2011 [30] | 35/146 | 2–16 years | 1978–1985 | SGA | Birth weight <−2 SD | This study | Finland | Age at menarche | Growth spurt | 62.4 * |
Ibáñez 2000 [31] | 12/42 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | LBW | Birth weight <−1.5 SD | This study | Spain | Age at menarche | B2 for girls | 100.0 * |
Ibáñez 2006 [32] | 50/94 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | LBW | Birth weight <−2 SD | This study | Spain | Age at onset of puberty, Age at menarche | B2 for girls | 100.0 * |
Fledelius 1982 [33] | 302/237 | 10–18 years | 1959–1979 | LBW | Birth weight <2000 g | This study | Denmark | Age at menarche | Not mentioned | 100.0 * |
Bhargava 1995 [34] | 252/176 | 0–14 years | 1968–1985 | LBW | Birth weight <2000 g | This study | India | Age at menarche | B2 for girls, G2 for boys | Not mentioned |
Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Quality Scores | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representativeness of the Exposed Cohort | Selection of the Non Exposed Cohort | Ascertainment of Exposure | Outcome of Interest Was Not Present at Start of Study | Comparability of Cohorts on the Basis of the Design or Analysis | Assessment of Outcome | Was Follow-Up Long Enough for Outcomes to Occur | Adequacy of Follow Up of Cohorts | ||
Ford2000 [24] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Veening 2004 [25] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Weissenbruch 2006 [26] | |||||||||
Lazar 2003 [27] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Fledelius 1982 [33] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Persson 1999 [28] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Chaudhari 2008 [29] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Bhargava 1995 [34] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
Ibáñez 2000 [31] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Wehkalampi 2011 [30] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
Ibáñez 2006 [32] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
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Deng, X.; Li, W.; Luo, Y.; Liu, S.; Wen, Y.; Liu, Q. Association between Small Fetuses and Puberty Timing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111377
Deng X, Li W, Luo Y, Liu S, Wen Y, Liu Q. Association between Small Fetuses and Puberty Timing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111377
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeng, Xu, Wenyan Li, Yan Luo, Shudan Liu, Yi Wen, and Qin Liu. 2017. "Association between Small Fetuses and Puberty Timing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1377. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111377