Effect Modification by Environmental Quality on the Association between Heatwaves and Mortality in Alabama, United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Mortality Data
2.2. Heatwave Indices
2.3. Environmental Quality Index (EQI)
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EQI Tertiles | Number of Counties | Number of Deaths | Number of Deaths during HI01 | Number of Deaths during HI02 | Number of Deaths during HI07 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall 1 | 10 | 13,805 | 155 | 651 | 243 |
Overall 2 | 9 | 46,704 | 520 | 2015 | 812 |
Overall 3 | 9 | 79,722 | 1210 | 4306 | 1697 |
Air 1 | 10 | 14,931 | 162 | 660 | 243 |
Air 2 | 9 | 29,501 | 401 | 1567 | 565 |
Air 3 | 9 | 95,799 | 1322 | 4745 | 1944 |
Water 1 | 10 | 19,460 | 264 | 959 | 357 |
Water 2 | 9 | 28,563 | 409 | 1609 | 623 |
Water 3 | 9 | 92,208 | 1212 | 4404 | 1772 |
Land 1 | 10 | 39,293 | 413 | 1602 | 653 |
Land 2 | 9 | 33,677 | 421 | 1591 | 627 |
Land 3 | 9 | 67,261 | 1051 | 3779 | 1472 |
Built 1 | 10 | 12,582 | 145 | 558 | 218 |
Built 2 | 9 | 44,342 | 491 | 1968 | 791 |
Built 3 | 9 | 83,307 | 1249 | 4446 | 1743 |
Sociodemographic 1 | 10 | 36,076 | 518 | 1862 | 746 |
Sociodemographic 2 | 9 | 77,561 | 1121 | 4132 | 1566 |
Sociodemographic 3 | 9 | 26,594 | 246 | 978 | 440 |
Percent Change in Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|
EQI Tertiles | HI01 | HI02 | HI07 |
Overall 1 | −10.29 (−26.60, 9.64) | −5.84 (−14.92, 4.19) | −16.25 (−29.55, −0.45) |
Overall 2 | −7.29 (−16.95, 3.49) | 0.47 (−5.04, 6.29) | −2.26 (−10.92, 7.24) |
Overall 3 | 13.22 (4.92, 22.18) | 8.26 (4.00, 12.70) | 15.44 (7.40, 24.07) |
Air 1 | −12.99 (−28.54, 5.95) | −6.93 (−15.77, 2.83) | −16.25 (−29.37, −0.69) |
Air 2 | −6.59 (−17.87, 6.22) | 3.87 (−2.75, 10.95) | −4.26 (−14.86, 7.65) |
Air 3 | 10.89 (3.22, 19.12) | 6.34 (2.41, 10.43) | 12.75 (5.66, 20.32) |
Water 1 | 16.07 (−1.25, 36.43) | 9.15 (0.28, 18.80) | 3.05 (−10.78, 19.03) |
Water 2 | −4.75 (−16.21, 8.28) | 0.48 (−5.90, 7.30) | −3.71 (−14.22, 8.10) |
Water 3 | 5.33 (−2.19, 13.43) | 4.84 (0.84, 8.99) | 9.59 (2.48, 17.19) |
Land 1 | −3.68 (−14.66, 8.71) | 0.48 (−5.62, 6.98) | −0.89 (−10.40, 9.62) |
Land 2 | 5.17 (−7.36, 19.40) | 5.75 (−0.94, 12.89) | 6.54 (−4.76, 19.19) |
Land 3 | 8.03 (−0.44, 17.21) | 5.72 (1.28, 10.35) | 9.33 (1.14, 18.19) |
Built 1 | −6.11 (−23.95, 15.93) | −2.76 (−12.83, 8.47) | −4.26 (−20.20, 14.88) |
Built 2 | −5.45 (−15.35, 5.60) | 1.28 (−4.39, 7.28) | −0.39 (−9.46, 9.59) |
Built 3 | 10.97 (2.91, 19.67) | 6.89 (2.77, 11.17) | 10.69 (3.19, 18.73) |
Sociodemographic 1 | −1.83 (−12.38, 9.99) | 2.23 (−3.82, 8.66) | 6.77 (−4.09, 18.86) |
Sociodemographic 2 | 8.81 (0.51, 17.80) | 5.25 (1.06, 9.61) | 5.24 (−2.16, 13.20) |
Sociodemographic 3 | 0.38 (−13.57, 16.58) | 4.91 (−3.13, 13.62) | 5.31 (−6.61, 18.76) |
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Jian, Y.; Wu, C.Y.H.; Gohlke, J.M. Effect Modification by Environmental Quality on the Association between Heatwaves and Mortality in Alabama, United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101143
Jian Y, Wu CYH, Gohlke JM. Effect Modification by Environmental Quality on the Association between Heatwaves and Mortality in Alabama, United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101143
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian, Yun, Connor Y. H. Wu, and Julia M. Gohlke. 2017. "Effect Modification by Environmental Quality on the Association between Heatwaves and Mortality in Alabama, United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101143