Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Mercury
2.2.2. Fat and Fatty Acids Analysis
2.3. The Llipid Quality Indexes Were Calculated from the Fatty Acids Composition Using the Following Formulae
2.3.1. Index of Atherogenicity (AI)
- PUFA—polyunsaturated fatty acids
- MUFA—monounsaturated fatty acids
- C12:0—lauric acid, C14:0—myristic, C16:0—palmitic.
2.3.2. Index of Thrombogenicity (TI)
2.3.3. Flesh-Lipid Quality (FLQ)
- (FLQ) = 100 × [EPA + DHA]/[% of total fatty acids]
- Hypocholesterolemic fatty acids (OFA): (OFA) = C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0
- Hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (DFA): (DFA) = C18:0 + UFA
- EPA—eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5)
- DHA—docosahexaenoic (C22:6)
- UFA—unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA)
- C18:0—stearic acid
2.4. Human Health Risk Assessment
2.4.1. Estimated Daily Intake of Heavy Metals
- EDI—the estimated daily intake (μg/kg body weight/day) = C × IR/BW
- TWI—Tolerable Weekly Intake = EDI × 7
- C—the average concentration of heavy metals in food stuffs (μg/g wet weight)
- IR—the daily ingestion rate (g/daily)
- The fish consumption was 12.1 kg per capita/year [33]
- BW—the average body weight (60 kg) [34]
2.4.2. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
- THQ = (EFr × ED × FiR × C/RfD × BW × TA) × 10−3
- Efr—the Exposure Frequency (365 days/year)
- ED—the Exposure Duration (70 years)
- FiR—the Fish Ingestion Rate (g/person/day)
- C—the average concentration of heavy metals in food stuffs (μg/g wet weight)
- RfD—the oral reference dose (mg/kg/day) (USEPA 2017)
- BW—the average body weight of local residents (60 kg) [34]
- TA—is the average exposure time (365 days/year × ED)
2.4.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Human Health Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Belitz, H.-D.; Grosch, W.; Schieberle, P. Fish, whales, crustaceans, mollusks. Food Chem. 2009, 13, 617–639. [Google Scholar]
- Breslow, J.L. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 1477–1482. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, C.M. Dietary fatty acids and human health. Ann. Zootech. 2000, 49, 165–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Harris, W.S.; Appel, L.J. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2002, 2747–2757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holub, D.J.; Holub, B.J. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils and cardiovascular disease. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004, 263, 217–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jańczyk, W.; Socha, P. Clinical implication of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation. Stand. Med. Pediatria 2009, 6, 10–17. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Raatz, S.K.; Silverstein, J.T.; Jahns, L.; Picklo, M.J. Issues of fish consumption for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Nutrients 2013, 5, 1081–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krzysik, M.; Biernat, J.; Grajeta, H. The influence of nutrients on immune system functioning—Part I. Immunomodulatory effects of fatty acids on the human body. Adv. Clin. Exp. Med. 2006, 15, 1055–1062. [Google Scholar]
- Mensink, R.P.; Zock, P.L.; Kester, A.D.M.; Katan, M.B. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77, 1146–1155. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA J. 2010, 8, 1461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, S.; Derr, J.; Etherton, T.D.; Kris-Etherton, P.M. Plasma cholesterol-predictive aquations demonstrate that stearic acid is neutral and monounsaturated fatty acids are hypocholesterolemic. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 61, 1129–1139. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Nicolosi, R.J. Dietary fat saturation effects on low-density-lipoprotein concentrations and metabolism in various animal models. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65, 1617–1627. [Google Scholar]
- FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition; Report of an Expert Consultation; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
- Kris-Etherton, P.M.; Yu, S. Individual fatty acid effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins: Human studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 65, 1628–1644. [Google Scholar]
- Helfrich, L.A.; Neves, R.J. Sustaining America’s Aquatic Biodiversity. Freshwater Fish Biodiversity and Conservation. Available online: https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/54903/420-525.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 25 May 2017).
- Castro-González, M.I.; Méndez-Armenta, M. Heavy metals: Implications associated to fish consumption. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 26, 263–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Da Silva Oliveira, A.L.; Barrocas, P.R.G.; de Counto Jacob, S.; Moreira, J.C. Dietary intake and health effects of selected toxic elements. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 2005, 17, 79–93. [Google Scholar]
- Díez, S. Human health effects of methylmercury exposure. In Reviews of Environmental Contamination Toxicology; Whitacre, D.M., Ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2008; Volume 198, pp. 111–132. [Google Scholar]
- Park, J.-D.; Zheng, W. Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. J. Prev. Med. Public Health 2012, 45, 344–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Azevedo, B.F.; Furieri, L.B.; Peçanha, F.M.; Wiggers, G.A.; Vassallo, P.F.; Simões, M.R.; Fiorim, J.; de Batista, P.R.; Fioresi, M.; Rossoni, L.; et al. Toxic effects of mercury on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. J. Biomed. Biotech. 2012, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Choi, A.L.; Grandjean, P. Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans. Environ. Chem. 2008, 5, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Clarkson, T.W. Mercury: Major issues in environmental health. Environ. Health Persp. 1992, 100, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Scientific Opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA J. 2012, 10, 2985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahaffey, K.R. Fish and shellfish as dietary sources of methylmercury and the ω-3 fatty acids, eicosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: Risks and benefits. Environ. Res. 2004, 95, 414–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Domingo, J.L. Omega-3 fatty acids and the benefits of fish consumption: Is all that glitters gold? Environ. Int. 2007, 33, 993–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christie, W.W. (Ed.) The isolation of lipids from tissues. Recommended Procedures. Chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) extraction and “Folch” wash. In Lipid Analysis. Isolation, Separation, Identification and Structural Analysis of Lipids; Pergamon Press Oxford: New York, NY, USA; Toronto, Japan; Sydney, Australia; Braunschweig, Germany, 1973; pp. 39–40. [Google Scholar]
- Żegarska, Z.; Jaworski, J.; Borejszo, Z. Evaluation of the Peisker modified method for extracting methyl esters from fatty acids. Acta Acad. Agric. Techno. Olst. 1991, 24, 25–33. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Ulbricht, T.; Southgate, D. Coronary heart disease: Seven dietary factors. Lancet 1991, 338, 985–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garaffo, M.A.; Vassallo-Agius, R.; Nengas, Y.; Lembo, E.; Rando, R.; Maisano, R.; Dugo, G.; Giuffrida, D. Fatty acids profile, atherogenic (IA) and thrombogenic (IT) health lipid indices, of raw roe of blue fin tuna (Thunnus thunnus L.) and their salted product “Bottarga”. Food Nutr. Sci. 2011, 2, 736–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Telahigue, K.; Hajji, T.; Rabeh, I.; El Cafsi, M. The changes of fatty acid composition in sun dried, oven dried and frozen hake (Merluccius merluccius) and sardinella (Sardinella aurita). Afr. J. Biochem. Res. 2013, 7, 158–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abrami, G.; Natiello, F.; Bronzi, P.; McKenzie, D.; Bolis, L.; Agradi, E. A comparison of highly unsaturated fatty acid levels in wild and farmed eels (Anguilla anguilla). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1992, 101B, 79–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senso, L.; Suárez, M.D.; Ruiz-Cara, T.; Garcia-Gallego, M. On the possible effects of harvesting season and chilled storage on the fatty acid profile of the fillet of farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Food Chem. 2007, 101, 298–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture. Food Economy, Consumption. Available online: stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/roczniki-statystyczne/rocznik-statystyczny-rolnictwa-2013,6,7.html (accessed on 27 February 2014). (In Polish)
- Polak-Juszczak, L.; Nermer, T. Methylmercury and total mercury in eels, Anguilla anguilla, from Lakes in Northeastern Poland: Health risk assessment. EcoHealth 2016, 13, 582–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmed, K.; Baki, M.A.; Kundu, G.K.; Islam, S.; Islam, M. Human health risks from heavy metals in fish of Buriganga river, Bangladesh. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- US EPA. Regional Screening Levels (RSLs)—Generic Tables (June 2017). Available online: https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables-june-2017 (accessed on 28 July 2017).
- Łuczyńska, J.; Krupowski, M. Mercury content in organs of commercial fish (Poland)—A short report. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2009, 59, 345–348. [Google Scholar]
- Wyrzykowska, B.; Falandysz, J.; Jarzyńska, G. Metals in edible fish from Vistula River and Dead Vistula River channel, Baltic Sea. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B 2012, 47, 296–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pokorska, K.; Protasowicki, M.; Bernat, K.; Kucharczyk, M. Content of metals in flounder, Platichthys flesus L., and Baltic herring, Clupea harengus membras L., from the southern Baltic Sea. Arch. Pol. Fish. 2012, 20, 51–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voigt, H.-R. Heavy metal and organochlorine levels in coastal fishes from the Väike Väin Strait, western Estonia, in high summers of 1993–1994. Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. Ecol. 2000, 49, 335–343. [Google Scholar]
- Kenšová, R.; Kružiková, K.; Svobodová, Z. Mercury speciation and safety of fish from important fishing locations in the Czech Republic. Czech J. Food Sci. 2012, 30, 276–284. [Google Scholar]
- Zrnčić, S.; Oraić, D.; Ćaleta, M.; Mihaljević, Ž.; Zanella, D.; Bilandžić, N. Biomonitoring of heavy metals in fish from the Danube River. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2013, 185, 1189–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popov, P.A.; Vizer, A.M.; Androsova, N.V. Metal content in muscular tissue of commercially important fish from Novosibirsk Reservoir and near Dam on Ob’River. Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 2012, 4, 352–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szlinder-Richert, J.; Usydus, Z.; Malesa-Ciećwierz, M.; Polak-Juszczak, L. Marine and farmed fish on the Polish market: Comparison of the nutritive value and human exposure to PCDD/Fs and other contaminants. Chemosphere 2011, 85, 1725–1733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Has-Schön, E.; Bogut, I.; Strelec, I. Heavy metal profile in five fish species included in human diet, domiciled in the end flow of River Neretva (Croatia). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2006, 50, 545–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szkoda, J.; Nawrocka, A.; Kmiecik, M.; Żmudzki, J. Monitoring study of toxic elements in food of animal origin. Environ. Protect. Natur. Resour. 2011, 48, 475–484. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Mazej, Z.; Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, S.; Pokorny, B. Heavy metal concentrations in food chain of Lake Velenjsko, jezero, Slovenia: An artificial lake from mining. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2010, 58, 998–1007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lidwin-Kaźmierkiewicz, M.; Pokorska, K.; Protasowicki, M.; Rajkowska, M.; Wechterowicz, Z. Content of selected essential and toxic metals in meat of freshwater fish from West Pomerania, Poland. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2009, 59, 219–224. [Google Scholar]
- Kenšová, R.; Čelechovská, O.; Doubravová, J.; Svobodová, Z. Concentrations of metals in tissues of fish from the Vĕstonice reservoir. Acta Vet. Brno. 2010, 79, 335–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boszke, L.; Siepak, J.; Falandysz, J. Total mercury contamination of selected organisms in Puck Bay, Baltic Sea, Poland. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2003, 12, 275–285. [Google Scholar]
- Baeyens, W.; Leermakers, M.; Papina, T.; Saprykin, A.; Brion, N.; Noyen, J.; De Gieter, M.; Eiskens, M. Bioconcentration and biomagnification of mercury and methylmercury in North Sea and Scheldt estuary fish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2003, 45, 498–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Komov, V.T.; Pronin, N.M.; Mendsaikhan, B. Mercury content in muscles of fish of the Selenga River and Lakes of its basin (Russia). Inland Water Biol. 2014, 7, 178–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łuczyńska, J. The influence of weight and length on the mercury content in the muscle tissue of fish from four lakes in the Olsztyn Lake District (Poland). Arch. Pol. Fish. 2005, 13, 51–61. [Google Scholar]
- Szefer, P.; Domagała-Wieloszewska, J.; Warzocha, J.; Garbacik-Wesołowska, A.; Ciesielski, T. Distribution and relationships of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in perch (Perca fluviatilis) from the Pomeranian Bay and Szczecin Lagoon, southern Baltic. Food Chem. 2003, 81, 73–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kružiková, K.; Kenšová, R.; Sedláčková, L.; Jarkovskỳ, J.; Poleszczuk, G.; Svobodová, Z. The correlation between fish mercury liver/muscle ratio and high and low levels of mercury contamination in Czech localities. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2013, 8, 45–56. [Google Scholar]
- Farkas, A.; Salánki, J.; Specziár, A. Age- and size-specific patterns of heavy metals in the organs of freshwater fish Abramis brama L. populating a low-contaminated site. Water Res. 2003, 37, 959–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Łuczyńska, J.; Borejszo, Z.; Łuczyński, M.J. The composition of fatty acids in muscles of six freshwater fish species from the Mazurian Great Lakes (northeastern Poland). Arch. Pol. Fish. 2008, 16, 167–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ljubojevic, D.; Trbovic, D.; Lujic, J.; Bjelic-Cabrilo, O.; Kostic, D.; Novakov, N.; Cirkovic, M. Fatty acid composition of fishes from Inland waters. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 2013, 19, 62–71. [Google Scholar]
- Skalecki, P.; Staszowska, A.; Kaliniak, A.; Florek, M. Utility value and meat quality of rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb.) from extensive and intensive farming. Rocz. Nauk. Pol. Tow. Zootech. 2013, 9, 59–67. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Łuczyńska, J.; Paszczyk, B.; Łuczyński, M.J. Fatty acid profiles in marine and freshwater fish from fish markets in northeastern Poland. Arch. Pol. Fish. 2014, 22, 181–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polak-Juszczak, L.; Adamczyk, M. Quality and amino acid composition of protein of fish from the Vistula Lagoon. Żywność Nauka Technol. Jakość 2009, 64, 75–83. [Google Scholar]
- Polak-Juszczak, L.; Komar-Szymczak, K. Fatty acid profiles and fat contents of commercially important fish from Vistula Lagoon. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2009, 59, 225–229. [Google Scholar]
- Kołakowska, A.; Szczygielski, M.; Bienkiewicz, G.; Zienkowicz, L. Some of fish species as a source of n/3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 2000, 30, 59–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ehsani, A.; Jasour, M.S.; Khodayari, M. Differentation of common marketable-size rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) based on nutritional and dietetic traits: A comparative study. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 2013, 41, 387–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karaçali, M.; Bulut, S.; Konuk, M.; Solak, K. Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition of different tissues of mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio, in Orenler Dam Lake, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Int. J. Food Prop. 2011, 1007–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donmez, M. Determination of fatty acid compositions and cholesterol levels of some freshwater fish living in Porsuk Dam, Turkey. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2009, 45, 14–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ćirković, M.; Ljubojević, D.; Đorđević, V.; Novakov, N.; Petronijević, R.; Matekalo-Sverak, V.; Trbović, D. The breed effect on productivity and meat nutrient composition of fish. Kafkas. Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg. 2012, 18, 775–780. [Google Scholar]
- Stancheva, M.; Merdzhanova, A.; Dobreva, D.A.; Makedonski, L. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and European catfish (Silurus glanis) from Danube River as sources of fat soluble vitamins and fatty acids. Czech J. Food Sci. 2014, 32, 16–24. [Google Scholar]
- Ouraji, H.; Shabanpur, B.; Abediankenari, A.; Shabani, A.; Nezami, A.; Sudagar, M.; Faghani, S. Total lipid, fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) fed diets containing different lipid sources. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2009, 89, 993–997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Addo-Bediako, A.; Marr, S.M.; Jooste, A.; Luus-Powell, W.J. Human health risk assessment for silver catfish Schilbe intermedius Rϋppell, 1832, from two impoundments in the Olifants River, Limpopo, South Africa. Water SA 2014, 40, 607–614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartodziejska, B.; Gajewska, M.; Czajkowska, A. Research on content of heavy metals contamination in independent agrarian production using atomic absorption spectrometry technique. Environ. Protect. Nat. Res. 2010, 43, 38–44. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M.; Starska, K.; Brulińska-Ostrowska, E.; Plewa, M.; Biernat, U.; Karłowski, K. Monitoring of contamination of foodstuffs with elements noxious to human health. Part 1. Wheat cereal products, vegetable products, confectionery and products for infants and children (2004 year). Ann. Nation. Inst. Hyg. 2008, 59, 251–266. (In Polish) [Google Scholar]
- Duma, P.; Pawlos, M.; Rudy, M. Contamination of selected food products by heavy metals In the Podkarpackie Province. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. 2012, 45, 94–100. [Google Scholar]
- Ogunkunle, A.T.J.; Bello, O.S.; Ojofeitimi, O.S. Determination of heavy metal contamination of street-vended fruits and vegetables in Lagos state, Nigeria. Int. Food Res. J. 2014, 21, 1725–1730. [Google Scholar]
- Shirkhanloo, H.; Mirzahosseini, S.A.H.; Shirkhanloo, N.; Moussavi-Najarkola, S.A.; Farahani, H. The evaluation and determination of heavy metals pollution in edible vegetables, water and soil in the south of Tehran province by GIS. Arch. Environ. Prot. 2015, 41, 64–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, M.H.H.; Al-Qahtani, K.M. Assessment of some heavy metals in vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian markets. Egypt. J. Agric. Res. 2012, 38, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Species | Body Weight (g) | Total Length (cm) | Total Lipids (%) | Hg (mg/kg Wet Weight) | Hg (mg/100g Fat) | Body Weight (r) | p | Total Length (r) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bream Abramis brama L. n = 6 | 207.7 ± 20.5 192.0–248.0 | 26.7 ± 1.4 25.5–29.5 | 0.115 ± 0.050 d 0.080–0.200 | 0.016 ± 0.009 c 0.006–0.027 | 1.467 ± 0.904 0.550–3.000 | 0.580 | 0.227 | 0.476 | 0.340 |
Perch Perca fluviatilis L. n = 5 | 561.2 ± 155.1 296.0–704.0 | 32.7 ± 2.6 28.0–34.5 | 0.352 ± 0.134 d 0.230–0.560 | 0.138 ± 0.111 a 0.078–0.336 | 4.160 ± 3.262 1.875–9.882 | 0.601 | 0.283 | 0.459 | 0.437 |
Ide Leuciscus idus L. n = 6 | 950.0 ± 179.3 742.0–1266.0 | 40.6 ± 3.1 36.0–43.8 | 0.802 ± 0.378 cd 0.400–1.400 | 0.109 ± 0.050 a 0.046–0.161 | 1.716 ± 1.283 0.357–4.025 | 0.787 | 0.063 | 0.183 | 0.729 |
Carp Cyprinus carpio L. n = 5 | 1197.2 ± 198.8 938.0–1432.0 | 34.6 ± 0.5 34.0–35.2 | 0.684 ± 0.494 d 0.210–1.470 | 0.006 ± 0.002 d 0.004–0.009 | 0.158 ± 0.161 0.041–0.429 | 0.878 | 0.050 | 0.683 | 0.204 |
Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb. n = 6 | 202.7 ± 33.8 158.0–238.0 | 25.3 ± 1.0 24.0–26.2 | 2.055 ± 0.368 b 1.470–2.460 | 0.015 ± 0.001 c 0.013–0.016 | 0.073 ± 0.010 0.063–0.088 | 0.429 | 0.396 | 0.336 | 0.514 |
Flounder Platichthys flesus L. n = 12 | 274.1 ± 64.9 195.0–369.0 | 28.6 ± 1.6 27.0–31.7 | 1.770 ± 0.719 bc 0.850–2.340 | 0.056 ± 0.020 b 0.028–0.084 | 0.354 ± 0.164 0.221–0.671 | 0.925 | 0.008 | 0.600 | 0.208 |
Herring Clupea harengus L. n = 12 | 182.9 ± 30.2 142.0–227.0 | 26.1 ± 0.9 24.9–27.6 | 11.487 ± 1.834 a 9.620–14.560 | 0.021 ± 0.012 c 0.007–0.039 | 0.018 ± 0.009 0.006–0.033 | 0.982 | 0.0005 | 0.794 | 0.059 |
Fatty Acids | Bream | Perch | Ide | Carp | Rainbow Trout | Flounder | Herring | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | SD | SD | SD | SD | SD | SD | ||||||||
n | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 12 | 12 | |||||||
fat | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.49 | 2.06 | 0.37 | 1.77 | 0.72 | 11.49 | 1.83 |
C12:0 | 0.11 ab | 0.04 | 0.07 cd | 0.00 | 0.11 ab | 0.04 | 0.10 bc | 0.03 | 0.05 d | 0.01 | 0.08 bcdd | 0.02 | 0.14 a | 0.02 |
C14:0 | 0.82 e | 0.17 | 0.97 de | 0.13 | 1.47 cde | 0.60 | 1.58 cd | 0.39 | 1.93 c | 0.11 | 3.51 b | 0.26 | 9.77 a | 1.13 |
C15:0 | 0.91 a | 0.19 | 0.47 c | 0.05 | 0.59 bc | 0.19 | 0.45 c | 0.05 | 0.18 d | 0.01 | 0.72 b | 0.10 | 0.49 c | 0.05 |
C16:0 | 21.27 ab | 1.51 | 21.97 a | 1.80 | 19.75 b | 2.29 | 19.39 b | 1.07 | 16.28 c | 0.61 | 16.74 c | 1.18 | 13.00 d | 1.54 |
C17:0 | 1.63 b | 0.15 | 0.68 c | 0.05 | 0.61 cd | 0.15 | 0.66 c | 0.11 | 3.43 a | 0.38 | 0.40 de | 0.06 | 0.20 e | 0.03 |
C18:0 | 7.82 a | 0.46 | 5.74 bc | 0.49 | 5.19 c | 1.49 | 6.04 b | 0.48 | 0.18 f | 0.01 | 2.88 d | 0.43 | 0.99 e | 0.07 |
C20:0 | 0.17 cd | 0.04 | 0.11 d | 0.02 | 0.15 d | 0.06 | 0.27 bc | 0.04 | 4.06 a | 0.20 | 0.09 d | 0.02 | 0.33 b | 0.05 |
C22:0 | 0.20 a | 0.05 | 0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | 0.16 b | 0.02 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 |
ΣSFA | 32.94 a | 2.18 | 30.01 b | 2.25 | 27.86 bc | 2.57 | 28.49 bc | 1.14 | 26.27 cd | 0.67 | 24.42 d | 1.62 | 24.92 d | 2.64 |
C14:1 | 0.01 c | 0.00 | 0.05 b | 0.02 | 0.06 ab | 0.04 | 0.06 ab | 0.03 | 0.02 c | 0.00 | 0.08 a | 0.02 | 0.08 a | 0.01 |
C16:1 | 2.84 d | 0.55 | 5.46 c | 2.11 | 7.65 b | 0.88 | 10.49 a | 1.22 | 0.12 e | 0.01 | 21.17 a | 3.25 | 4.60 cd | 0.39 |
C17:1 | 0.80 cd | 0.13 | 0.61 de | 0.10 | 0.88 bc | 0.32 | 1.09 ab | 0.25 | 0.31 f | 0.01 | 1.17 a | 0.21 | 0.54 ef | 0.09 |
C18:1 | 9.73 e | 1.06 | 12.20 d | 3.36 | 17.21 c | 1.03 | 22.74 b | 2.70 | 27.78 a | 1.72 | 16.35 c | 1.69 | 7.15 f | 0.74 |
C20:1(n-7) | 0.25 b | 0.10 | 0.12 b | 0.01 | 0.26 b | 0.06 | 0.23 b | 0.04 | 0.08 b | 0.01 | 3.45 a | 1.02 | 0.17 b | 0.02 |
C20:1(n-9) | 0.18 e | 0.11 | 0.33 de | 0.10 | 0.65 cde | 0.08 | 1.38 | 0.37 b | 0.84 bcd | 0.09 | 1.05 bc | 0.25 | 14.99 a | 1.03 |
C20:1(n-11) | 0.33 c | 0.12 | <0.01 d | 0.00 | 0.24 cd | 0.14 | 0.72 b | 0.08 | <0.01 d | 0.00 | 1.80 a | 0.44 | <0.01 d | 0.00 |
C22:1(n-9) | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | <0.01 c | 0.00 | 0.16 b | 0.13 | 0.92 a | 0.14 |
C22:1(n-11) | <0.01 b | 0.00 | <0.01 b | 0.00 | <0.01 b | 0.00 | <0.01 b | 0.00 | 0.22 b | 0.13 | 0.17 b | 0.17 | 26.08 a | 2.59 |
ΣMUFA | 14.13 f | 1.51 | 18.77 e | 5.02 | 26.94 d | 1.56 | 36.50 c | 3.47 | 29.37 d | 1.80 | 45.40 b | 4.19 | 54.54 a | 2.90 |
C18:2(n-6) | 3.06cd | 0.27 | 2.35 d | 0.99 | 3.34 c | 0.62 | 6.41 b | 0.83 | 12.47 a | 0.60 | 1.26 e | 0.14 | 1.49 e | 0.23 |
C18:3γ-lin (n-6) | 0.39 b | 0.04 | 0.33 b | 0.06 | 0.24 c | 0.04 | 0.49 a | 0.08 | 0.40 b | 0.08 | 0.17 cd | 0.04 | 0.11 d | 0.01 |
C20:2(n-6) | 0.83 a | 0.10 | 0.27 c | 0.04 | 0.82 a | 0.19 | 0.77 a | 0.09 | 0.50 b | 0.04 | 0.43 b | 0.08 | 0.20 c | 0.02 |
C20:3(n-6) | 0.39 b | 0.09 | 0.36 b | 0.07 | 0.45 b | 0.11 | 1.01 a | 0.10 | 0.44 b | 0.04 | 0.09 c | 0.03 | <0.01 c | 0.00 |
C20:4(n-6) | 9.47 a | 0.64 | 7.67 b | 0.83 | 7.39 b | 1.92 | 5.53 c | 0.68 | 0.97 e | 0.10 | 2.82 d | 0.40 | 0.35 e | 0.06 |
C22:5(n-6) | 1.33 b | 0.36 | 1.61 a | 0.12 | 1.03 c | 0.12 | 0.89 c | 0.19 | 0.25 de | 0.03 | 0.36 d | 0.06 | 0.10 e | 0.03 |
C18:3(n-3) | 2.33 bc | 0.56 | 1.79 cd | 0.44 | 2.74 b | 1.22 | 2.07 bc | 0.51 | 7.67 a | 0.17 | 0.63 e | 0.11 | 1.15 de | 0.20 |
C18:4(n-3) | 0.12 c | 0.05 | 0.26 c | 0.05 | 0.27 c | 0.27 | 0.27 c | 0.12 | 1.39 b | 0.24 | 1.16 b | 0.21 | 2.87 a | 0.56 |
C20:3(n-3) | 0.94 a | 0.16 | 0.31 b | 0.07 | 0.94 a | 0.41 | 0.26 b | 0.05 | 0.30 b | 0.03 | 0.18 b | 0.04 | 0.09 b | 0.02 |
C20:4(n-3) | 0.72 ab | 0.15 | 0.52 b | 0.11 | 0.92 a | 0.68 | 0.63 ab | 0.15 | 0.70 ab | 0.09 | 0.35 b | 0.05 | 0.51 b | 0.08 |
C20:5(n-3) EPA | 10.51 b | 1.83 | 6.39 cd | 0.52 | 7.53 c | 0.70 | 6.19 cd | 1.17 | 5.00 d | 0.44 | 12.58 a | 1.55 | 5.40 d | 0.63 |
C22:5(n-3) | 3.21 a | 0.54 | 2.52 a | 0.53 | 2.77 a | 1.35 | 2.69 a | 0.43 | 1.30 b | 0.11 | 2.48 a | 0.35 | 0.66 b | 0.15 |
C22:6(n-3)DHA | 19.63 b | 1.50 | 26.82 a | 1.51 | 16.79 c | 2.02 | 7.80 e | 1.17 | 12.97 d | 2.13 | 7.67 e | 0.87 | 7.61 e | 0.87 |
ΣPUFA | 52.93 a | 2.63 | 51.21 a | 2.92 | 45.20 b | 3.16 | 35.01 c | 3.35 | 44.36 b | 2.02 | 30.18 d | 2.92 | 20.54 e | 1.27 |
n-3/n-6 | 2.43 cd | 0.22 | 3.07 c | 0.12 | 2.56 cd | 0.84 | 1.32 e | 0.13 | 1.96 d | 0.22 | 4.93 b | 0.59 | 8.15 a | 0.73 |
Σn-6 PUFA | 15.48 a | 0.95 | 12.60 b | 0.91 | 13.26 b | 2.56 | 15.10 a | 0.84 | 15.03 a | 0.62 | 5.13 c | 0.63 | 2.26 d | 0.23 |
Σn-3 PUFA | 37.46 a | 2.45 | 38.62 a | 2.10 | 31.94 b | 4.83 | 19.91 d | 2.66 | 29.33 b | 2.43 | 25.05 c | 2.66 | 18.28 d | 1.16 |
Σn-3 HUFA | 35.00 a | 2.27 | 36.57 a | 2.55 | 28.94 b | 3.90 | 17.57 d | 2.60 | 20.26 cd | 2.55 | 23.26 c | 2.56 | 14.27 e | 0.86 |
OFA | 22.21 ab ab | 1.52 | 23.01 a | 1.91 | 21.33 ab | 1.83 | 21.07 ab | 1.18 | 18.26 c | 0.62 | 20.34 bc | 1.19 | 22.92 a | 2.56 |
DFA | 74.88 c | 1.80 | 75.73 bc | 1.93 | 77.33 ab | 1.61 | 77.55 ab | 1.18 | 73.91 c | 0.66 | 78.46 a | 1.25 | 76.07 bc | 2.60 |
AI | 0.37 bc | 0.04 | 0.37 bc | 0.04 | 0.36 bc | 0.02 | 0.36 bc | 0.03 | 0.33 c | 0.01 | 0.41 b | 0.03 | 0.70 a | 0.10 |
TI | 0.23 bc | 0.03 | 0.21 c | 0.01 | 0.22 bc | 0.05 | 0.31 a | 0.03 | 0.16 d | 0.01 | 0.22 c | 0.02 | 0.26 b | 0.04 |
FLQ | 30.14 | 1.82 | 33.22 | 1.84 | 24.32 | 2.47 | 13.99 | 2.15 | 17.97 | 2.46 | 20.25 | 2.30 | 13.01 | 0.77 |
Fatty Acids | Body Weight (r) | p | Total Length (r) | p | Body Weight (r) | p | Total Length (r) | p | Body Weight (r) | p | Total Length (r) | p | Body Weight (r) | p | Total Length (r) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Bream | Perch | Ide | Carp | |||||||||||||
C12:0 | −0.307 | ns | 0.005 | ns | 0.125 | ns | 0.173 | ns | −0.320 | ns | −0.692 | ns | 0.460 | ns | 0.557 | ns | |
C14:0 | −0.370 | ns | −0.071 | ns | −0.485 | ns | −0.407 | ns | 0.570 | ns | 0.292 | ns | 0.867 | ns | 0.544 | ns | |
C16:0 | −0.147 | ns | −0.092 | ns | −0.299 | ns | −0.136 | ns | −0.504 | ns | −0.672 | ns | 0.050 | ns | 0.029 | ns | |
C18:0 | 0.153 | ns | 0.225 | ns | −0.783 | ns | −0.678 | ns | −0.200 | ns | −0.383 | ns | −0.239 | ns | 0.155 | ns | |
C18:2(n-6) | −0.735 | ns | −0.845 | 0.034 | 0.908 | 0.033 | 0.927 | 0.024 | −0.182 | ns | −0.136 | ns | 0.883 | 0.047 | 0.603 | ns | |
C20:4(n-6) | 0.361 | ns | 0.100 | ns | −0.806 | ns | −0.679 | ns | −0.743 | ns | −0.632 | ns | −0.551 | ns | 0.114 | ns | |
C18:3(n-3) | 0.086 | ns | 0.243 | ns | 0.865 | ns | 0.806 | ns | 0.582 | ns | 0.553 | ns | 0.701 | ns | 0.490 | ns | |
C20:3(n-3) | 0.224 | ns | 0.439 | ns | 0.717 | ns | 0.708 | ns | 0.442 | ns | 0.521 | ns | 0.266 | ns | 0.414 | ns | |
C20:4(n-3) | 0.112 | ns | 0.292 | ns | 0.523 | ns | 0.559 | ns | 0.510 | ns | 0.585 | ns | 0.498 | ns | 0.569 | ns | |
C20:5(n-3) | 0.816 | 0.047 | 0.724 | ns | −0.930 | 0.022 | −0.846 | ns | −0.189 | ns | 0.140 | ns | 0.020 | ns | 0.578 | ns | |
C22:5(n-3) | 0.722 | ns | 0.571 | ns | −0.916 | 0.029 | −0.876 | ns | 0.320 | ns | 0.621 | ns | −0.417 | ns | 0.265 | ns | |
C22:6(n-3) | −0.216 | ns | −0.203 | ns | −0.254 | ns | −0.104 | ns | 0.124 | ns | 0.772 | ns | −0.336 | ns | 0.311 | ns | |
ΣSFA | −0.206 | ns | −0.088 | ns | −0.472 | ns | −0.313 | ns | −0.410 | ns | −0.759 | ns | 0.348 | ns | 0.450 | ns | |
ΣMUFA | −0.598 | ns | −0.564 | ns | 0.363 | ns | 0.211 | ns | 0.557 | ns | −0.345 | ns | −0.198 | ns | −0.781 | ns | |
ΣPUFA | 0.513 | ns | 0.396 | ns | −0.261 | ns | −0.122 | ns | 0.059 | ns | 0.835 | 0.038 | 0.087 | ns | 0.657 | ns | |
n-3/n-6 | 0.734 | ns | 0.876 | 0.022 | −0.687 | ns | −0.788 | ns | 0.563 | ns | 0.680 | ns | −0.229 | ns | 0.370 | ns | |
Σn-6 PUFA | −0.322 | ns | −0.572 | ns | 0.064 | ns | 0.214 | ns | −0.685 | ns | −0.576 | ns | 0.359 | ns | 0.756 | ns | |
Σn-3 PUFA | 0.675 | ns | 0.646 | ns | −0.391 | ns | −0.262 | ns | 0.416 | ns | 0.821 | 0.045 | −0.003 | ns | 0.590 | ns | |
Σn-3 HUFA | 0.709 | ns | 0.635 | ns | −0.546 | ns | −0.417 | ns | 0.297 | ns | 0.836 | 0.038 | −0.175 | ns | 0.483 | ns | |
OFA | −0.196 | ns | −0.100 | ns | −0.317 | ns | −0.157 | ns | −0.454 | ns | −0.756 | ns | 0.348 | ns | 0.224 | ns | |
DFA | 0.289 | ns | 0.164 | ns | 0.351 | ns | 0.193 | ns | 0.457 | ns | 0.837 | 0.038 | −0.431 | ns | −0.371 | ns | |
AI | −0.279 | ns | −0.114 | ns | −0.379 | ns | −0.226 | ns | −0.125 | ns | −0.890 | 0.018 | 0.707 | ns | 0.496 | ns | |
TI | −0.375 | ns | −0.298 | ns | −0.417 | ns | −0.257 | ns | −0.458 | ns | −0.812 | 0.050 | 0.145 | ns | −0.301 | ns | |
FLQ | 0.644 | ns | 0.562 | ns | −0.468 | ns | −0.322 | ns | 0.052 | ns | 0.687 | ns | −0.171 | ns | 0.482 | ns | |
Species | Rainbow trout | Flounder | Herring | ||||||||||||||
C12:0 | −0.280 | ns | −0.396 | ns | 0.247 | ns | −0.078 | ns | 0.088 | ns | −0.335 | ns | |||||
C14:0 | 0.735 | ns | 0.504 | ns | 0.888 | 0.018 | 0.632 | ns | −0.038 | ns | −0.212 | ns | |||||
C16:0 | −0.170 | ns | −0.418 | ns | 0.109 | ns | −0.410 | ns | −0.258 | ns | −0.177 | ns | |||||
C18:0 | 0.087 | ns | −0.122 | ns | 0.410 | ns | 0.015 | ns | 0.164 | ns | 0.280 | ns | |||||
C18:2(n-6) | 0.490 | ns | 0.533 | ns | 0.251 | ns | −0.166 | ns | −0.409 | ns | −0.056 | ns | |||||
C20:4(n-6) | 0.119 | ns | −0.106 | ns | 0.406 | ns | 0.043 | ns | 0.118 | ns | 0.032 | ns | |||||
C18:3(n-3) | −0.319 | ns | 0.024 | ns | −0.195 | ns | −0.142 | ns | −0.287 | ns | −0.190 | ns | |||||
C20:3(n-3) | −0.135 | ns | −0.073 | ns | −0.155 | ns | −0.181 | ns | −0.379 | ns | −0.265 | ns | |||||
C20:4(n-3) | 0.119 | ns | −0.106 | ns | −0.149 | ns | 0.348 | ns | −0.669 | ns | −0.447 | ns | |||||
C20:5(n-3) | −0.805 | ns | −0.661 | ns | 0.120 | ns | 0.065 | ns | 0.343 | ns | 0.045 | ns | |||||
C22:5(n-3) | −0.713 | ns | −0.437 | ns | −0.295 | ns | −0.031 | ns | 0.157 | ns | 0.095 | ns | |||||
C22:6(n-3) | −0.793 | ns | −0.719 | ns | 0.043 | ns | −0.350 | ns | −0.461 | ns | −0.309 | ns | |||||
ΣSFA | 0.436 | ns | 0.142 | ns | 0.357 | ns | −0.158 | ns | −0.156 | ns | −0.177 | ns | |||||
ΣMUFA | 0.835 | 0.039 | 0.753 | ns | −0.191 | ns | 0.105 | ns | 0.346 | ns | 0.341 | ns | |||||
ΣPUFA | −0.887 | 0.018 | −0.717 | ns | 0.076 | ns | −0.063 | ns | −0.465 | ns | −0.409 | ns | |||||
n-3/n-6 | −0.762 | ns | −0.697 | ns | −0.325 | ns | −0.016 | ns | 0.100 | ns | −0.341 | ns | |||||
Σn-6 PUFA | 0.425 | ns | 0.491 | ns | 0.339 | ns | −0.042 | ns | −0.448 | ns | −0.042 | ns | |||||
Σn-3 PUFA | −0.845 | 0.034 | −0.721 | ns | 0.003 | ns | −0.060 | ns | −0.422 | ns | −0.440 | ns | |||||
Σn-3 HUFA | −0.831 | 0.040 | −0.740 | ns | 0.042 | ns | −0.079 | ns | −0.259 | ns | −0.311 | ns | |||||
OFA | −0.037 | ns | −0.323 | ns | 0.307 | ns | −0.266 | ns | −0.171 | ns | −0.202 | ns | |||||
DFA | −0.438 | ns | −0.144 | ns | −0.321 | ns | 0.210 | ns | 0.163 | ns | 0.188 | ns | |||||
AI | 0.334 | ns | 0.003 | ns | 0.618 | ns | 0.031 | ns | −0.098 | ns | −0.192 | ns | |||||
TI | 0.741 | ns | 0.468 | ns | 0.370 | ns | −0.152 | ns | −0.065 | ns | −0.057 | ns | |||||
FLQ | −0.830 | 0.041 | −0.740 | ns | 0.097 | ns | −0.088 | ns | −0.242 | ns | −0.314 | ns |
Species | EDI | EWI | %TWI * | %TWI ** | THQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bream (Abramis brama L.) n = 6 | 0.0086 | 0.060 | 1.50 | 4.611 | 0.029 |
Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) n = 5 | 0.0762 | 0.534 | 13.34 | 41.056 | 0.254 |
Ide (Leuciscus idus L.) n = 6 | 0.0604 | 0.423 | 10.57 | 32.527 | 0.201 |
Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) n = 5 | 0.0043 | 0.024 | 0.60 | 1.845 | 0.011 |
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walb.) n = 6 | 0.0081 | 0.057 | 1.42 | 4.363 | 0.027 |
Flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) n = 12 | 0.0311 | 0.218 | 5.45 | 16.760 | 0.104 |
Herring (Clupea harengus L.) n = 12 | 0.0116 | 0.081 | 2.03 | 6.248 | 0.039 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Łuczyńska, J.; Paszczyk, B.; Nowosad, J.; Łuczyński, M.J. Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101120
Łuczyńska J, Paszczyk B, Nowosad J, Łuczyński MJ. Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101120
Chicago/Turabian StyleŁuczyńska, Joanna, Beata Paszczyk, Joanna Nowosad, and Marek Jan Łuczyński. 2017. "Mercury, Fatty Acids Content and Lipid Quality Indexes in Muscles of Freshwater and Marine Fish on the Polish Market. Risk Assessment of Fish Consumption" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101120