Evaluation of Environmental Risk Due to Metro System Construction in Jinan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data Sources
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Topography
2.2.2. Hydrogeology
2.2.3. Engineering Geology
2.2.4. Distribution of Metro Lines
3. Methodology
3.1. Risk Assessment Model
3.2. Processing of Each Index
3.2.1. Surface Index
3.2.2. Underground Index
3.3. Weight Calculation by AHP
3.4. Normalization
4. Results
4.1. Assessment of Surface Index
4.2. Assessment of Underground Index
4.3. Spatial Distribution of Risk Assessment
4.4. Risk Level of Metro Line
5. Discussion
5.1. Uncertainties of AHP
5.2. Suggestive Countermeasures
6. Conclusions
- The AHP method incorporated into GIS can make a comprehensive and reasonable assessment result of risk level of groundwater seepage environment in Jinan City. The method can also be applied to other region based on different characteristics of environment. The results from the proposed method are useful for practical decision-making during urban planning.
- The assessment of surface index shows that the regions with the high and very high risk level exceed 98% in Shanghe County and Jiyang County, where there are flat topography and intensive river system. The assessment of underground index shows that the areas with the high and very high risk level exceed 56% in urban area and Pingyin County, where distribute many spring groups and active faults. The areas with the distribution of spring groups and active faults are often vulnerable to bear the disturbance of anthropic activities.
- The comprehensive assessment result shows that about 14% of the urban area belongs to very high risk level, where the main four spring groups distributed. The regions of relatively high risk are 20% in urban area, 9.46% in Changqing County and 43% in Pingyin County, where the characteristics of hydrogeology and geology are vulnerable for metro line construction.
- According to the assessment result of risk level in the whole Jinan City, in the high risk region where there are four main spring groups; metro lines R1, R2, and R3 are under construction; and metro lines L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 are planned have very high and high risk. It is suggested to construct elevated tunnel rather than underground tunnel to protect spring groups.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Region Name | Type | Code | Sub-Region |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | Alluvial plain of Yellow River | Pore water | I1 | Shang River area |
I2 | Jiyang River area | |||
I3 | North area of Xiaoqing River | |||
II | North boundary of the Mount Tai | Karstic water | II1 | Pingying monoclinic area |
II2 | Changqing monoclinic area | |||
II3 | Jinan monoclinic area | |||
II4 | Guodian monoclinic area | |||
II5 | Monoclinic area around Ming River | |||
II6 | Monoclinic area around Xiaoqing River | |||
III | Piedmont alluvial plain | Pore water | III | Piedmont alluvial plain |
Region | Sub-Region | Recharge | Discharge | Exploitable Capacity | Current Exploitation | Risk Level |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | I1 | 69.77 | 28.81 | 40.96 | 32.05 | 2 |
I2 | 73.46 | 24.83 | 48.63 | 20.82 | ||
I3 | 23.23 | 9.56 | 13.67 | 4.46 | ||
Subtotal | 166.46 | 63.20 | 103.26 | 57.33 | ||
II | II1 | 13.92 | 1.15 | 12.77 | 7.09 | 3 |
II2 | 15.91 | - | 15.91 | 4.93 | ||
II3 | 58.99 | 23.97 | 35.02 | 36.27 | ||
II4 | 34.55 | 8.01 | 26.54 | 32.21 | ||
II5 | 32.05 | 17.39 | 14.66 | 14.48 | ||
II6 | 30.85 | 9.06 | 21.79 | 13.64 | ||
Subtotal | 186.27 | 59.58 | 126.69 | 108.62 | ||
III | III | 48.22 | 16.49 | 31.73 | 40.33 | 1 |
Aquifer Type | Geological Time | Discharge Capacity (m3/day) | Class |
---|---|---|---|
Fissure water in metamorphic rocks and magmatic rocks | σ, Ar | Generally: <100 | 1 |
Fissure water in Weathered magmatic | Є1, Є2, Є3 | Generally: <100 | 2 |
Partially: 100–500 | |||
Interbedded karst-fissure aquifer | Є2z, Є3f | Generally: <500 | 3 |
Partially: 500–1000 | |||
Alluvial Quaternary porous aquifer | Q4 | Generally: <200 | 4 |
Q2 | Piedmont: 50–300 | ||
Q3 | Alluvial fan: 1000–2000 | ||
Karstic aquifer in carbonate | Є2z, Є3f, O1, O2 | Hills: 100–500 | 5 |
Piedmont: 1000–5000 | |||
Partially: >10,000 |
U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | wi | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
U11 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.475 |
U12 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.231 |
U13 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1 | 4 | 0.188 |
U14 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/4 | 1 | 0.105 |
U21 | U22 | U23 | U24 | U25 | wi | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U21 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.321 |
U22 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.259 |
U23 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.208 |
U24 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 0.109 |
U25 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 0.101 |
Object Layer | Sub-Object Layer | Factor Layer | wi | wi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Geoenvironment risk | Surface index U1 | Topographical slope (U11) | 0.475 | 0.363 |
Topographical elevation (U12) | 0.231 | |||
River density (U13) | 0.188 | |||
River proximity (U14) | 0.105 | |||
Underground index U2 | Spring group distribution (U21) | 0.321 | 0.637 | |
Hydrogeology (U22) | 0.259 | |||
Geological environment (U23) | 0.208 | |||
Metro line density (U24) | 0.109 | |||
Metro line proximity (U25) | 0.101 |
District | Risk Coverage of Surface Index (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very High | |
Shanghe County | 0 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 65.09 | 34.32 |
Jiyang County | 0 | 0.02 | 10.02 | 66.54 | 32.42 |
Zhangqiu District | 7.79 | 13.12 | 12.53 | 40.63 | 25.93 |
Urban Area | 10.90 | 19.58 | 17.42 | 28.83 | 23.27 |
Changqing County | 5.03 | 16.15 | 21.72 | 33.06 | 24.04 |
Pingyin County | 0.1 | 8.13 | 23.64 | 42.62 | 24.65 |
District | Risk Coverage of Underground Index (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very High | |
Shanghe County | 99.18 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Jiyang County | 73.97 | 26.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Zhangqiu District | 67.77 | 15.14 | 17.09 | 0 | 0 |
Urban Area | 0.9 | 8.43 | 27.55 | 36.84 | 26.28 |
Changqing County | 0.02 | 24.41 | 65.54 | 10.03 | 0 |
Pingyin County | 0.1 | 0.02 | 43.22 | 56.66 | 0 |
District | Comprehensive Risk Coverage (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very Low | Low | Medium | High | Very High | |
Shanghe County | 0.23 | 96.48 | 3.28 | 0.01 | 0 |
Jiyang County | 0.16 | 94.56 | 5.27 | 0.01 | 0 |
Zhangqiu District | 31.24 | 49.70 | 8.71 | 10.35 | 0 |
Urban Area | 9.23 | 25.34 | 31.50 | 20.04 | 13.89 |
Changqing County | 10.54 | 29.11 | 50.90 | 9.46 | 0 |
Pingyin County | 0 | 7.31 | 49.97 | 42.72 | 0 |
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Wang, G.-F.; Lyu, H.-M.; Shen, J.S.; Lu, L.-H.; Li, G.; Arulrajah, A. Evaluation of Environmental Risk Due to Metro System Construction in Jinan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101114
Wang G-F, Lyu H-M, Shen JS, Lu L-H, Li G, Arulrajah A. Evaluation of Environmental Risk Due to Metro System Construction in Jinan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101114
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Guo-Fu, Hai-Min Lyu, Jack Shuilong Shen, Lin-Hai Lu, Gang Li, and Arul Arulrajah. 2017. "Evaluation of Environmental Risk Due to Metro System Construction in Jinan, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101114