Quality of Life and Its Related Factors in Chinese Unemployed People: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Demographic Characteristics
2.4. QOL
2.5. Coping
2.6. Self-Efficacy
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Description of QOL
3.3. Predictors of QOL
3.4. Association of Coping with QOL
3.5. Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy on the Associations of Coping with QOL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
QOL | Quality of life |
SF-36 | the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey |
PCS | physical component summary |
MCS | mental component summary |
ANOVA | one-way analysis of variance |
HMR | Hierarchical multiple regression |
SEM | Structural equation model |
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Variables | Number (N) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 1022 | 56.00 |
Female | 803 | 44.00 |
Age | ||
<25 | 367 | 20.11 |
25–39 | 806 | 44.16 |
>39 | 652 | 35.73 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 1073 | 58.79 |
Others | 752 | 41.21 |
Educational level | ||
≤senior high school | 1156 | 63.34 |
>senior high school | 669 | 36.66 |
Household monthly income (Yuan) | ||
≤1000 | 417 | 22.85 |
1001–1500 | 391 | 21.42 |
1501–2000 | 420 | 23.01 |
>2000 | 597 | 32.71 |
Chronic diseases | ||
Yes | 994 | 54.47 |
No | 831 | 45.53 |
Unemployed time (months) | ||
1–2 | 387 | 21.21 |
3–5 | 372 | 20.38 |
6–11 | 454 | 24.88 |
≥12 | 612 | 33.53 |
Mean ± S.D. | ||
Physical function | 84.3 ± 19.7 | |
Role limitation due to physical problems | 65.4 ± 33.3 | |
Bodily pain | 72.9 ± 22.0 | |
General perception of health | 61.4 ± 18.4 | |
Energy and vitality | 61.0 ± 17.8 | |
Social functioning | 70.1 ± 20.4 | |
Role limitation due to emotional problems | 58.4 ± 36.6 | |
Mental health | 59.6 ± 17.6 |
Variables | PCS | MCS |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 71.8 ± 17.6 | 62.9 ± 17.1 |
Female | 70.2 ± 17.2 * | 61.9 ± 16.5 |
Age | ||
<25 | 77.6 ± 14.8 ** | 64.5 ± 15.6 * |
25–39 | 71.4 ± 16.7 * | 61.7 ± 16.2 |
>39 | 66.9 ± 18.5 | 62.1 ± 18.3 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 69.2 ± 17.4 ** | 62.5 ± 17.2 |
Others | 73.8 ± 16.3 | 62.3 ± 15.9 |
Education level | ||
≤senior high school | 69.6 ± 17.3 ** | 62.1 ± 17.0 |
>senior high school | 73.6 ± 16.4 | 63.1 ± 16.3 |
Household monthly income (Yuan) | ||
≤1000 | 67.0 ± 18.1 ** | 58.7 ± 17.1 ** |
1001–1500 | 70.3 ± 17.3 * | 61.5 ± 16.8 * |
1501–2000 | 71.0 ± 17.5 * | 63.1 ± 16.3 |
>2000 | 74.4 ± 16.4 | 65.1 ± 16.7 |
Chronic diseases | ||
Yes | 64.0 ± 17.3 ** | 59.2 ± 16.8 ** |
No | 76.8 ± 15.4 | 65.0 ± 16.5 |
Unemployed time | ||
1–2 month | 76.2 ± 15.7 | 65.1 ± 16.8 |
3–5month | 73.8 ± 16.0 * | 63.8 ± 15.2 * |
6–11 month | 70.2 ± 17.5 ** | 62.0 ± 15.6 * |
≥12 month | 66.9 ± 18.2 ** | 60.0 ± 18.4 ** |
Mean | SD | PCS | MCS | Adaptive Coping | Maladaptive Coping | Self-Efficacy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCS | 71.1 | 17.4 | 1 | ||||
MCS | 62.4 | 16.9 | 0.620 ** | 1 | |||
Adaptive coping | 45.7 | 7.2 | 0.275 ** | 0293 ** | 1 | ||
Maladaptive coping | 40.6 | 6.9 | −0.140 ** | −0.193 ** | 0.400 ** | 1 | |
Self-efficacy | 38.3 | 5.7 | 0.332 ** | 0.450 ** | 0.259 ** | −0.220 ** | 1 |
Variables | PCS | MCS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 b(B) | Model 2 b(B) | Model 3 b(B) | Model 1 b(B) | Model 2 b(В) | Model 3 b(B) | |
Intercept | 77.334 ** | 61.775 ** | 42.673 ** | 73.377 ** | 61.306 ** | 28.244 ** |
Block 1 Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Gender | −1.800 * (−0.051) | −1.891 * (−0.054) | −1.541 * (−0.044) | −1.289 (−0.038) | −1.366 (−0.040) | −0.822 (−0.024) |
Age | ||||||
25–39 vs. <25 | −3.287 ** (−0.094) | −1.574 (−0.045) | −1.630 (−0.046) | −2.437 * (−0.072) | −0.493 (−0.015) | −0.454 (−0.013) |
>39 vs. <25 | −2.615 (−0.072) | −1.182 (−0.032) | −1.375 (−0.038) | 0.414 (0.012) | 2.336 (0.066) | 1.974 (0.056) |
Marital status | −0.045 (−0.001) | 0.687 (0.019) | 0.756 (0.021) | −2.486 * (−0.073) | −1.628 (−0.048) | −1.449 (−0.042) |
Educational level | 0.847 (0.023) | 0.609 (0.017) | 0.347 (0.010) | −0.251 (−0.007) | −0.564 (−0.016) | −1.027 (−0.029) |
Chronic diseases | −10.876 ** (−0.311) | −10.159 ** (−0.290) | −9.891 ** (−0.282) | −5.737 ** (−0.170) | −5.049 ** (−0.149) | −4.562 ** (−0.135) |
Household monthly income (yuan) | ||||||
1001–1500 vs. ≤1000 | 2.300 (0.054) | 2.295 * (0.054) | 2.332 * (0.055) | 2.386 * (0.058) | 2.252 * (0.055) | 2.403 * (0.059) |
1501–2000 vs. ≤1000 | 3.043 ** (0.074) | 2.100 (0.051) | 2.211 * (0.053) | 4.005 ** (0.100) | 2.718 * (0.068) | 3.016 ** (0.076) |
>2000 vs. ≤1000 | 5.031 ** (0.136) | 3.627 ** (0.098) | 3.116 ** (0.084) | 5.206 ** (0.145) | 3.211 ** (0.089) | 2.476 * (0.069) |
Unemployed time (months) | ||||||
3–5 vs. 1–2 | −0.317 (−0.007) | 0.474 (0.011) | 0.698 (0.016) | −0.698 (−0.017) | 0.415 (0.010) | 0.771 (0.019) |
6–11 vs. 1–2 | −2.487 * (−0.061) | −1.567 (−0.039) | −1.256 (−0.031) | −1.973 (−0.050) | −0.844 (−0.022) | −0.258 (−0.007) |
≥12 vs. 1–2 | −3.763 ** (−0.102) | −3.541 ** (−0.096) | −3.283 ** (−0.089) | −3.807 ** (−0.107) | −3.576 ** (−0.100) | −3.009 ** (−0.084) |
Block 2 Coping | ||||||
Adaptive coping | 0.856 ** (0.344) | 0.684 ** (0.275) | 0.973 ** (0.407) | 0.682 ** (0.285) | ||
Maladaptive coping | −0.639 ** (−0.248) | −0.473 ** (−0.184) | −0.860 ** (−0.348) | −0.573 ** (−0.232) | ||
Block 3 Self-efficacy | 0.531 ** (0.174) | 0.906 ** (0.306) | ||||
R2 | 0.167 | 0.281 | 0.304 | 0.061 | 0.235 | 0.308 |
△R2 | 0.167 | 0.114 | 0.023 | 0.061 | 0.174 | 0.073 |
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Yang, X.; Yao, L.; Wu, H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, L.; Wang, J.; Wang, L. Quality of Life and Its Related Factors in Chinese Unemployed People: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080797
Yang X, Yao L, Wu H, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang J, Wang L. Quality of Life and Its Related Factors in Chinese Unemployed People: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(8):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080797
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Xiaoshi, Lutian Yao, Hui Wu, Yang Wang, Li Liu, Jiana Wang, and Lie Wang. 2016. "Quality of Life and Its Related Factors in Chinese Unemployed People: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 8: 797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080797