Influence of Chicken Manure Fertilization on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Soil and the Endophytic Bacteria of Pakchoi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Reagents
2.2. Samples
2.3. Pot Experimental Procedure
2.4. Enumeration of Total Cultivable Heterotrophic Bacteria (TCB), ARB and MARB
2.5. Enumeration of Total Cultivable Endophytic Bacteria (TCEB), AREB and MAREB
2.6. Isolation and Identification of MARB and MAREB
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Influence of Manure Fertilization on the Prevalence of ARB in Soil
3.2. Influence of Manure Fertilization on the Prevalence of AREB in Pakchoi
3.3. Phylogenetic Relationship of MARB and MAREB in CM- or COF-Fertilized Soil and Endophytic System of Pakchoi
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
VA | veterinary antibiotic |
ARB | antibiotic-resistant bacteria |
AREB | antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria |
MARB | multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria |
MAREB | multiple antibiotic-resistant endophytic bacteria |
TCB | total cultivable heterotrophic bacteria |
TCEB | total cultivable endophytic bacteria |
HPB | human pathogenic bacteria |
ARG | antibiotic resistance gene |
HGT | horizontal gene transfer |
CM | chicken manure |
COF | commercial organic fertilizer |
CFU | colony-forming units |
CTAB | cetyltrimethylammonium bromide |
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Samples | TCB (×109) | Cepr | Tetr | Cipr | MARB | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ARB (×108) | Rates (%) | ARB (×108) | Rates (%) | ARB (×108) | Rates (%) | (×106) | Rates (%) | |||
CM | 2.33 ± 0.38 | 15.01 ± 1.94 | 64.55 | 6.80 ± 0.90 | 29.18 | 4.26 ± 0.55 | 18.30 | 60.60 ± 0.07 | 2.60 | |
COF | 3.47 ± 0.13 | 7.15 ± 2.08 | 20.63 | 2.57 ± 0.82 | 7.42 | 0.59 ± 0.25 | 1.70 | 2.57 ± 0.04 | 0.07 | |
Control | before | 0.02 ± 0.11 | 0.04 ± 2.05 | 20.54 | 0.01 ± 0.57 | 6.70 | 0.01 ± 0.40 | 3.95 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.14 |
after | 0.03 ± 0.43 | 0.06 ± 0.64 | 19.67 | 0.01 ± 0.14 | 5.27 | 0.01 ± 0.43 | 2.96 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.06 | |
CM-amended | before | 1.66 ± 0.97 | 3.12 ± 1.80 | 34.09 | 4.63 ± 0.87 | 28.18 | 1.26 ± 0.35 | 5.72 | 10.10 ± 0.03 | 0.61 |
after | 0.44 ± 0.34 | 0.28 ± 0.81 | 6.76 | 0.09 ± 0.31 | 2.13 | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 1.16 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.02 | |
COF-amended | before | 1.13 ± 0.87 | 2.57 ± 1.13 | 22.66 | 1.21 ± 0.53 | 10.59 | 0.79 ± 0.31 | 6.70 | 5.24 ± 0.01 | 0.39 |
after | 0.13 ± 0.53 | 0.17 ± 0.69 | 14.01 | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 3.51 | 0.05 ± 0.39 | 3.90 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.05 |
Samples | TCEB (×104) | Cepr | Tetr | Cipr | MAREB | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AREB (×103) | Rates (%) | AREB (×102) | Rates (%) | AREB (×102) | Rates (%) | (×102) | Rates (%) | ||
Control | 0.45 ± 0.67 | 0.29 ± 1.05 | 6.44 | 0.98 ± 0.88 | 2.18 | 0.53 ± 0.10 | 1.18 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 0.38 |
CM-amended | 2.44 ± 0.56 | 3.20 ± 1.44 | 13.11 | 8.98 ± 0.29 | 3.68 | 3.62 ± 0.25 | 1.48 | 2.09 ± 0.12 | 0.86 |
COF-amended | 2.91 ± 0.70 | 2.15 ± 1.41 | 7.39 | 3.71 ± 0.43 | 1.27 | 3.17 ± 0.16 | 1.09 | 1.19 ± 0.06 | 0.41 |
Samples | Identification of MAR(E)B | Rates of MAR(E)B (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Control (33 strains) | soil | Stenotrophomonas (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) | 60.00 |
Brevundimonas (Brevundimonas sp.) | 40.00 | ||
pakchoi | Stenotrophomonas (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) | 77.78 | |
Microbacterium (Microbacterium oxydans) | 22.22 | ||
CM-amended (43 strains) | CM | Brevundimonas (Brevundimonas diminuta) | 33.33 |
Brachybacterium (Brachybacterium phenoliresistens) | 33.33 | ||
Enterococcus (Enterococcus faecalis) | 16.67 | ||
Zimmermannella (Zimmermannella faecalis) | 16.67 | ||
soil | Microbacterium (Microbacterium pseudoresisten; Microbacterium keratanolyticu; Microbacterium sp.) | 41.67 | |
Isoptericola (Isoptericola sp.) | 25.00 | ||
Brachybacterium (Brachybacterium sp.) | 8.33 | ||
Corynebacterium (Corynebacterium stationis) | 8.33 | ||
Promicromonospora (Promicromonospora sp.) | 8.33 | ||
Xanthomonas (Xanthomonas bacterium) | 8.33 | ||
pakchoi | Brachybacterium (Brachybacterium phenoliresistens) | 66.67 | |
Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas geniculata) | 22.22 | ||
Brevundimonas (Brevundimonas diminuta) | 11.11 | ||
COF-amended (50 strains) | soil | Promicromonospora (Promicromonospora sp.) | 21.74 |
Brachybacterium (Brachybacterium sp.; Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum; Brachybacterium conglomeratum) | 17.39 | ||
Microbacterium (Microbacterium sp.; Microbacterium binotii) | 8.69 | ||
Bosea (Bosea vestrisii) | 4.74 | ||
Chitinophaga (Chitinophaga sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Bordetella (Bordetella sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Sphingomonas (Sphingomonas koreensis) | 4.74 | ||
Luteimonas (Luteimonas sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Paenibacillus (Paenibacillus sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Dietzia (Dietzia sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Sphingobacterium (Sphingobacterium arenae) | 4.74 | ||
Isoptericola (Isoptericola variabilis) | 4.74 | ||
Sphingopyxis (Sphingopyxis sp.) | 4.74 | ||
Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas sp.) | 4.74 | ||
pakchoi | Brachybacterium (Brachybacterium sp.) | 83.33 | |
Bordetella (Bordetella sp.) | 16.67 |
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Yang, Q.; Zhang, H.; Guo, Y.; Tian, T. Influence of Chicken Manure Fertilization on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Soil and the Endophytic Bacteria of Pakchoi. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070662
Yang Q, Zhang H, Guo Y, Tian T. Influence of Chicken Manure Fertilization on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Soil and the Endophytic Bacteria of Pakchoi. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070662
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Qingxiang, Hao Zhang, Yuhui Guo, and Tiantian Tian. 2016. "Influence of Chicken Manure Fertilization on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Soil and the Endophytic Bacteria of Pakchoi" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070662