Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Population and Group Designation
2.2. Collection of Epidemiological Data
2.3. Screening of LOX G473A Polymorphism
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Evaluation of General Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. LOX G473A Polymorphism in Association with Risk for Lung, Colorectal Combined, Colon, and Rectum Cancers
3.3. LOX 473AA-Positive Females Displaying a Higher Susceptibility to Lung, Colorectal Combined, Colon, and Rectum Cancers
3.4. Smoke Targeting LOX473AA-Positive Individuals in Association with Higher Risks for Cancers in the Lung and Colon
3.5. LOX and Cancers
3.6. LOX G473A Polymorphism and Cancers
3.7. Cigarette Smoke and Cancers
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Population Number (%) | χ2 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Group | Control Group | ||||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
Age () | 58.30 ± 9.30 | 58.55 ± 10.29 | −0.35 t | 0.73 | |
Sex | Male N (%) | 132 (66.00) | 233 (66.19) | ||
Female N (%) | 68 (34.00) | 119 (33.81) | 0.00 | 0.96 | |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
Age () | 59.04 ± 10.75 | 58.55 ± 10.29 | 0.62 t | 0.54 | |
Sex | Male N (%) | 201 (60.00) | 233 (66.19) | ||
Female N (%) | 134 (40.00) | 119 (33.81) | 2.83 | 0.09 | |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.000) | 352 (100.00) | |||
Age () | 60.50 ± 9.66 | 58.55 ± 10.29 | 1.88 t | 0.61 | |
Sex | Male N (%) | 74 (56.92) | 233 (66.19) | ||
Female N (%) | 56 (43.08) | 119 (33.81) | 3.53 | 0.06 | |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
Age () | 58.11 ± 11.32 | 58.55 ± 10.29 | 0.46 t | 0.64 | |
Sex | Male N (%) | 127 (61.95) | 233 (66.19) | ||
Female N (%) | 78 (38.05) | 119 (33.81) | 1.02 | 0.31 |
Genotypes | Genotype Frequencies (Total N = 352) | Deviation | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Real N | Expected N | ||||
GG | 213 | 214.06 | −1.06 | ||
GA | 123 | 120.88 | 2.12 | 0.11 | 0.95 |
AA | 16 | 17.06 | −1.06 |
Smoking Status | Population N (%) | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | |||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 118 (59.00) | 256 (72.73) | ||
Smoking | 82 (41.00) | 96 (27.27) | 11.00 | <0.01 * |
Mild | 16 (8.00) | 69 (19.60) | ||
Heavy | 66 (33.00) | 27 (7.67) | 48.00 | <0.01 * |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 262 (78.21) | 256 (72.73) | ||
Smoking | 73 (21.79) | 96 (27.27) | 2.78 | 0.10 |
Mild | 25 (7.46) | 52 (14.77) | ||
Heavy | 48 (14.33) | 44 (12.50) | 6.63 | 0.01 * |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 100 (76.92) | 256 (72.73) | ||
Smoking | 30 (23.08) | 96 (27.27) | 0.87 | 0.35 |
Mild | 10 (7.69) | 52 (14.77) | ||
Heavy | 20 (15.38) | 44 (12.50) | 3.97 | 0.04 * |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 162 (79.02) | 256 (72.73) | ||
Smoking | 43 (20.98) | 96 (27.27) | 2.74 | 0.10 |
Mild | 15 (7.32) | 52 (14.77) | ||
Heavy | 28 (13.66) | 44 (12.50) | 4.42 | 0.04 * |
Genotypes | Genotype Frequencies (%) | χ2 | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | ||||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
GG | 118 (59.00) | 213 (60.51) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 48 (24.00) | 123 (34.94) | 2.93 | 0.09 | 0.70 (0.47–1.05) |
AA | 34 (17.00) | 16 (4.55) | 19.00 | <0.01 | 3.84 (2.03–7.24) * |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
GG | 170 (50.75) | 213 (60.51) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 130 (38.80) | 123 (34.94) | 2.99 | 0.08 | 1.32 (0.96–1.82) |
AA | 35 (10.45) | 16 (4.55) | 10.61 | <0.01 | 2.74 (1.47–5.12) * |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
GG | 63 (48.46) | 213 (60.51) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 54 (41.54) | 123 (34.94) | 3.32 | 0.07 | 1.48 (0.97–2.27) |
AA | 13 (10.00) | 16 (4.55) | 6.79 | 0.01 | 2.75 (1.25–6.02) * |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | |||
GG | 107 (52.20) | 213 (60.51) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 76 (37.01) | 123 (34.94) | 1.22 | 0.27 | 1.23 (0.85–1.78) |
AA | 22 (10.79) | 16 (4.55) | 8.82 | <0.01 | 2.74 (1.38–5.43) * |
Allele | Allele Frequencies (%) | χ2 | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | ||||
A. Lung Cancer | 400 (100.00) | 704 (100.00) | |||
G | 284 (71.00) | 549 (77.98) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
A | 116 (29.00) | 155 (22.02) | 6.72 | 0.01 | 1.45 (1.09–1.91) * |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 670 (100.00) | 704 (100.00) | |||
G | 470 (70.15) | 549 (77.98) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
A | 200 (29.85) | 155 (22.02) | 10.99 | 0.01 | 1.5 0 (1.18–1.92) * |
C. Colon Cancer | 260 (100.00) | 704 (100.00) | |||
G | 180 (69.23) | 549 (77.98) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
A | 80 (30.77) | 155 (22.02) | 7.89 | 0.01 | 1.57 (1.15–2.16) * |
D. Rectum Cancer | 410 (100.00) | 704 (100.00) | |||
G | 290 (70.73) | 549 (77.98) | - | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
A | 120 (29.27) | 155 (22.02) | 7.33 | 0.01 | 1.47 (1.10–1.93) * |
Genotypes | Genotype Frequencies (%) | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | |||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Male | 132 (66.00) | 233 (66.19) | ||
GG | 72 (36.00) | 133 (37.78) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 35 (17.50) | 87 (24.72) | 0.26 | 0.75 (0.46–1.24) |
AA | 25 (12.50) | 13 (3.69) | <0.01 | 3.23 (1.53–6.82) * |
Female | 68 (34.00) | 119 (33.81) | ||
GG | 46 (23.00) | 80 (22.73) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 13 (6.50) | 36 (10.23) | 0.19 | 0.60 (0.29–1.27) |
AA | 9 (4.50) | 3 (0.85) | 0.02 | 5.25 (1.33–20.80) * |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Male | 201 (60.00) | 233 (66.19) | ||
GG | 105 (31.34) | 133 (37.78) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 75 (22.39) | 87 (24.72) | 0.67 | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) |
AA | 21 (6.27) | 13 (3.69) | 0.03 | 1.51 (1.04–2.20) * |
Female | 134 (40.00) | 119 (33.81) | ||
GG | 65 (19.40) | 80 (22.73) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 55 (16.42) | 36 (10.23) | 0.02 | 1.90 (1.11–3.26) * |
AA | 14 (4.18) | 3 (0.85) | 0.01 | 2.29 (1.20–4.38) * |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Male | 74 (56.92) | 233 (66.19) | ||
GG | 36 (27.69) | 133 (37.78) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 31 (23.85) | 87 (24.72) | 0.47 | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) |
AA | 7 (5.38) | 13 (3.69) | 0.14 | 1.46 (0.88–2.43) |
Female | 56 (43.08) | 119 (33.81) | ||
GG | 27 (20.77) | 80 (22.73) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 23 (17.69) | 36 (10.23) | 0.09 | 1.83 (0.91–3.69) |
AA | 6 (4.62) | 3 (0.85) | 0.03 | 2.27 (1.10–4.70) * |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Male | 127 (61.95) | 233 (66.19) | ||
GG | 69 (33.66) | 133 (37.78) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 44 (21.46) | 87 (24.72) | 0.92 | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) |
AA | 14 (6.83) | 13 (3.69) | 0.04 | 1.53 (1.01–2.32) * |
Female | 78 (38.05) | 119 (33.81) | ||
GG | 38 (18.54) | 80 (22.73) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 32 (15.61) | 36 (10.23) | 0.04 | 1.91 (1.03–3.54) * |
AA | 8 (3.90) | 3 (0.85) | 0.02 | 2.25 (1.11–4.53) * |
Genotypes | Genotype Frequencies (%) | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | |||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 118 (59.00) | 256 (72.73) | ||
GG | 75 (37.50) | 156 (44.30) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 26 (13.00) | 90 (25.60) | 0.08 | 0.62 (0.37–1.05) |
AA | 17 (8.50) | 10 (2.84) | <0.01 | 3.97 (1.70–9.29) * |
Smoking | 82 (41.00) | 96 (27.27) | ||
GG | 43 (21.50) | 57 (16.19) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 22 (11.00) | 33 (9.38) | 0.67 | 0.86 (0.43–1.73) |
AA | 17 (8.50) | 6 (1.70) | 0.03 | 3.25 (1.15–9.16) * |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 262 (78.21) | 256 (72.73) | ||
GG | 136 (40.60) | 156 (44.30) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 98 (29.25) | 90 (25.60) | 0.23 | 1.25 (0.87–1.81) |
AA | 28 (8.36) | 10 (2.84) | <0.01 | 1.77 (1.21–2.59) * |
Smoking | 73 (21.79) | 96 (27.27) | ||
GG | 34 (10.15) | 57 (16.19) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 32 (9.55) | 33 (9.38) | 0.14 | 1.67 (0.85–3.27) |
AA | 7 (2.09) | 6 (1.70) | 0.41 | 1.30 (0.70–2.43) |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 100 (76.920 | 256 (72.73) | ||
GG | 54 (41.54) | 156 (44.30) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 38 (29.23) | 90 (25.60) | 0.38 | 1.25 (0.76–2.05) |
AA | 8 (6.15) | 10 (2.84) | 0.10 | 1.51 (0.92–2.48) |
Smoking | 30 (23.08) | 96 (27.27) | ||
GG | 9 (6.92) | 57 (16.19) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 16 (12.31) | 33 (9.38) | 0.07 | 2.33 (0.94–5.75) |
AA | 5 (3.85) | 6 (1.70) | 0.04 | 2.11 (1.02–4.38) * |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Non-smoking | 162 (79.02) | 256 (72.73) | ||
GG | 82 (40.00) | 156 (44.30) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 60 (29.26) | 90 (25.60) | 0.26 | 1.28 (0.84–1.96) |
AA | 20 (9.76) | 10 (2.84) | <0.01 | 1.86 (1.24–2.80) * |
Smoking | 43 (20.98) | 96 (27.27) | ||
GG | 25 (12.20) | 57 (16.19) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 16 (7.81) | 33 (9.38) | 0.71 | 1.16 (0.53–2.55) |
AA | 2 (0.98) | 6 (1.70) | 0.71 | 0.84 (0.34–2.09) |
Genotypes | Genotype Frequencies (%) | p | OR (95%CI) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer Groups | Control Groups | |||
A. Lung Cancer | 200 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Smoking (Total) | 82 (41.00) | 96 (27.27) | ||
Heavy-smoking | 66 (33.00) | 27 (7.67) | ||
GG | 32 (16.00) | 17 (4.83) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 18 (9.00) | 10 (2.84) | 0.47 | 0.67 (0.25–1.90) |
AA | 16 (8.00) | 0 (0.00) | <0.01 | - * f |
Mild-Smoking | 16 (8.00) | 69 (19.60) | ||
GG | 11 (5.50) | 40 (11.36) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 4 (2.00) | 23 (6.53) | 0.55 | 0.68 (0.19–2.41) |
AA | 1 (0.50) | 6 (1.70) | 0.63 | 0.76 (0.25–2.34) |
B. Colorectal Cancer | 335 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Smoking (Total) | 73 (21.79) | 96 (27.27) | ||
Heavy-smoking | 48 (14.33) | 44 (12.50) | ||
GG | 22 (6.57) | 27 (7.67) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 22 (6.57) | 16 (4.55) | 0.21 | 1.77 (0.73–4.27) |
AA | 4 (1.19) | 1 (0.28) | 0.16 | 2.36 (0.72–7.77) |
Mild-Smoking | 25 (7.46) | 52 (14.77) | ||
GG | 12 (3.58) | 30 (8.52) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 10 (2.99) | 17 (4.83) | 0.40 | 1.57 (0.54–4.57) |
AA | 3 (0.90) | 5 (1.42) | 0.98 | 1.01 (0.44–2.33) |
C. Colon Cancer | 130 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Smoking (Total) | 30 (23.08) | 96 (27.27) | ||
Heavy-smoking | 20 (15.38) | 44 (12.50) | ||
GG | 6 (4.62) | 27 (7.67) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 10 (7.69) | 16 (4.55) | 0.18 | 2.31 (0.68–7.84) |
AA | 4 (3.08) | 1 (0.28) | 0.02 | 18.20 (1.47–225.19) * |
Mild-Smoking | 10 (7.69) | 52 (14.77) | ||
GG | 3 (2.31) | 30 (8.52) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 6 (4.62) | 17 (4.83) | 0.71 | 0.64 (0.06–6.87) |
AA | 1 (0.77) | 5 (1.42) | 0.73 | 1.54 (0.13–18.76) |
D. Rectum Cancer | 205 (100.00) | 352 (100.00) | ||
Smoking (Total) | 43 (20.98) | 96 (27.27) | ||
Heavy-smoking | 28 (13.66) | 44 (12.50) | ||
GG | 16 (7.80) | 27 (7.67) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 12 (5.85) | 16 (4.55) | 0.56 | 1.35 (0.50–3.65) |
AA | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.28) | - | - |
Mild-Smoking | 15 (7.32) | 52 (14.77) | ||
GG | 9 (4.39) | 30 (8.52) | - | 1.00 (Ref.) |
GA | 4 (1.95) | 17 (4.83) | 0.76 | 0.80 (0.21–3.15) |
AA | 2 (0.98) | 5 (1.42) | 0.91 | 0.90 (0.13–6.00) |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Wang, G.; Shen, Y.; Cheng, G.; Bo, H.; Lin, J.; Zheng, M.; Li, J.; Zhao, Y.; Li, W. Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070635
Wang G, Shen Y, Cheng G, Bo H, Lin J, Zheng M, Li J, Zhao Y, Li W. Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(7):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070635
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Guoli, Yanqing Shen, Guang Cheng, Haimei Bo, Jia Lin, Maogen Zheng, Jianmin Li, Yinzhi Zhao, and Wande Li. 2016. "Lysyl Oxidase Gene G473A Polymorphism and Cigarette Smoking in Association with a High Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a North Chinese Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 7: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13070635