Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Its Relationship to Land Use and Land Cover in Beijing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sites Description and the Water Quality Data
2.3. Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Data
2.4. Construction Buffers in Urban Rivers
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Water Quality
3.2. Spatial Patterns of LULC in Buffers
3.3. Relationship between Water Quality and LULC in Buffers
3.3.1. Results of Pearson Relationship Analysis
3.3.2. Results of Redundancy Analysis
3.3.3. Results of Multiple Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Nonurban Area | Urban Area | Exurban Area | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | |
DO | 9.89 | 8.69 | 4.87 | 5.16 | 2.09 | 2.62 | |||
NH3-N | 0.13 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 19.38 | 16.66 | 12.25 | 9.7 | 29.3 | 16.6 |
BOD | 2.25 | 1.9 | 2.35 | 58.82 | 34.01 | 22.39 | 29.7 | 81.8 | 99.7 |
CODCr | 17.35 | 12.6 | 70.11 | 63.55 | 229 | 174 | |||
CODMn | 1.95 | 3.15 | 2.93 | 22.89 | 18 | 11.72 | 20 | 25.1 | 23.4 |
Buffer (m) | Axis 1 | Axis 2 | Total Variance (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlations of LULC-ENVI | % Variance of | Correlations of LULC-ENVI | % Variance of | ||||
LULC | LULC-ENVI | LULC | LULC-ENVI | ||||
100 | 0.815 | 22.7 | 55.3 | 0.514 | 16.2 | 39.6 | 41.1 |
200 | 0.878 | 26.1 | 63.3 | 0.468 | 14 | 34 | 41.2 |
300 | 0.895 | 28.8 | 68.1 | 0.452 | 12.6 | 29.9 | 42.3 |
400 | 0.892 | 31.6 | 72.3 | 0.445 | 11.7 | 26.7 | 43.7 |
500 | 0.891 | 33.7 | 74.9 | 0.442 | 10.9 | 24.4 | 45 |
600 | 0.897 | 35.5 | 76.2 | 0.447 | 10.8 | 23.1 | 46.6 |
800 | 0.889 | 37.7 | 75.8 | 0.48 | 11.7 | 23.4 | 49.7 |
1000 | 0.882 | 38.3 | 75 | 0.503 | 12.6 | 24.5 | 51.1 |
1200 | 0.875 | 38.8 | 74.6 | 0.518 | 13 | 24.9 | 52 |
1500 | 0.894 | 40.9 | 75.4 | 0.525 | 13.2 | 24.3 | 54.3 |
2000 | 0.917 | 41.9 | 78.2 | 0.483 | 11.5 | 21.6 | 53.6 |
Buffer (m) | Variables | First | Second | Third | R2 Adj | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LULC | Std. Coef. | LULC | Std. Coef. | LULC | Std. Coef. | |||
100 | CODMn_2000 | water | 0.516 | forest | −0.406 | imp | 0.341 | 0.463 |
CODMn_2005 | forest | −0.581 | water | −0.114 | imp | −0.103 | 0.043 | |
CODMn_2010 | forest | −1.053 ** | imp | −0.589 | grass | 0.327 | 0.516 | |
BOD_2000 | water | 0.792 * | imp | 0.421 | forest | −0.113 | 0.423 | |
BOD_2005 | forest | −0.529 | imp | −0.18 | water | −0.134 | −0.055 | |
BOD_2010 | forest | −0.861 * | imp | −0.641 | grass | 0.229 | 0.191 | |
NH3-N_2000 | water | 0.542 | imp | 0.338 | forest | −0.213 | 0.187 | |
NH3-N_2005 | forest | −0.657 | imp | −0.237 | water | −0.097 | 0.101 | |
NH3-N_2010 | forest | −1.05 ** | imp | 0.542 | grass | 0.259 | 0.629 | |
CODCr_2005 | forest | −0.561 | imp | −0.437 | water | −0.162 | −0.022 | |
CODCr_2010 | forest | −0.975 * | imp | −0.529 | grass | 0.261 | 0.031 | |
DO_2005 | forest | 0.777 * | imp | 0.214 | water | 0.124 | 0.298 | |
DO_2010 | forest | 1.075 ** | water | 0.514 * | imp | 0.425 | 0.593 | |
300 | CODMn_2000 | water | 0.72 * | imp | 0.392 | forest | −0.344 | 0.634 |
CODMn_2005 | forest | −0.54 | grass | 0.286 | imp | −0.101 | 0.03 | |
CODMn_2010 | crop | 0.999 ** | imp | 0.672 * | water | 0.181 | 0.552 | |
BOD_2000 | water | 0.94 ** | imp | 0.418 | forest | −0.071 | 0.63 | |
BOD_2005 | forest | −0.44 | grass | 0.419 | imp | −0.123 | 0.038 | |
BOD_2010 | crop | 0.87 * | imp | 0.431 | water | 0.102 | 0.285 | |
NH3-N_2000 | water | 0.811 * | imp | 0.459 | grass | 0.318 | 0.361 | |
NH3-N_2005 | forest | −0.563 | grass | 0.499 | imp | −0.158 | 0.347 | |
NH3-N_2010 | crop | 0.942 ** | imp | 0.742 ** | water | 0.387 * | 0.7 | |
CODCr_2005 | forest | −0.691 | imp | −0.502 | grass | −0.294 | 0.092 | |
CODCr_2010 | crop | 0.967 ** | imp | 0.707 * | water | 0.115 | 0.446 | |
DO_2005 | forest | 0.844 * | imp | 0.24 | water | 0.093 | 0.343 | |
DO_2010 | crop | −1.025 *** | imp | −0.872 ** | grass | −0.254 | 0.751 | |
2000 | CODMn_2000 | water | 0.65 * | forest | −0.358 | grass | 0.261 | 0.606 |
CODMn_2005 | crop | 0.798 | imp | 0.671 | water | −0.14 | 0.21 | |
CODMn_2010 | crop | 0.933 ** | imp | 0.56 * | grass | 0.326 | 0.462 | |
BOD_2000 | water | 0.966 * | imp | 0.36 | grass | 0.359 | 0.537 | |
BOD_2005 | crop | 0.658 | imp | 0.376 | grass | 0.091 | −0.121 | |
BOD_2010 | crop | 0.595 | imp | 0.233 | grass | 0.06 | −0.09 | |
NH3-N_2000 | water | 0.91 ** | grass | 0.446 | imp | 0.381 | 0.669 | |
NH3-N_2005 | crop | 0.788 | imp | 0.523 | grass | 0.145 | 0.081 | |
NH3-N_2010 | crop | 1.09 *** | imp | 0.655 *** | grass | 0.45 ** | 0.845 | |
CODCr_2005 | crop | 0.7 | imp | 0.24 | grass | 0.145 | 0.013 | |
CODCr_2010 | crop | 0.741 | imp | 0.465 | grass | 0.078 | 0.076 | |
DO_2005 | crop | −0.939 ** | imp | −0.827 ** | grass | −0.324 | 0.585 | |
DO_2010 | crop | −0.974 ** | imp | −0.798 ** | grass | −0.265 | 0.587 |
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Chen, X.; Zhou, W.; Pickett, S.T.A.; Li, W.; Han, L. Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Its Relationship to Land Use and Land Cover in Beijing, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050449
Chen X, Zhou W, Pickett STA, Li W, Han L. Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Its Relationship to Land Use and Land Cover in Beijing, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050449
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiang, Weiqi Zhou, Steward T. A. Pickett, Weifeng Li, and Lijian Han. 2016. "Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Its Relationship to Land Use and Land Cover in Beijing, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050449