Modeling Associations between Principals’ Reported Indoor Environmental Quality and Students’ Self-Reported Respiratory Health Outcomes Using GLMM and ZIP Models
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attribute | Mean | Median | SD | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years as principal | 10.0 | 8 | 7.6 | 1.0 | 36.0 |
Years in the building | 12.6 | 11.0 | 8.6 | 0.5 | 37.0 |
Number of teachers in school | 11.0 | 7.0 | 10.8 | 1 | 100 |
Number of other staffs | 7.0 | 5.0 | 8.8 | 0 | 120 |
Number of pupils | 156.9 | 97 | 274.5 | 9 | 8011 |
Buildings per school | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1 | 2 |
School surface area (m2) | 2343.1 | 1288.0 | 4243.7 | 77 | 74,764 |
Number of classrooms | 10.8 | 7.0 | 9.4 | 1 | 61 |
Number of floors | 2.1 | 2.0 | .9 | 1 | 4 |
Year of construction | 1981 | 1988 | 21.2 | 1880 | 2005 |
Number of upper respiratory symptoms in spring semester (including students with no absenteeism) | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0 | 7 |
Number of upper respiratory symptoms in spring semester (excluding students with no absenteeism) | 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1 | 7 |
Missed school days due to respiratory infections in spring semester (including students with no absenteeism) | 1.6 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0 | 30 |
Missed school days due to respiratory infections in spring semester (excluding students with no absenteeism) | 3.4 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 1 | 30 |
Attribute | Number of Responses | % Yes |
---|---|---|
Close proximity (<200 m) to | ||
Busy roads | 1140 | 58 |
Factory/mine | 1108 | 7 |
Petrol station/garage | 1100 | 12 |
Landfill/waste treatment plant | 1101 | 1 |
Farming (piggery, fur farm etc.) | 1104 | 15 |
School facilities | ||
Kitchen | 1147 | 87 |
Sports hall | 1136 | 75 |
Assembly hall | 1037 | 43 |
Language studio | 1033 | 3 |
Arts and craft room | 1137 | 83 |
IEQ indicator variables | ||
During heating season | ||
Comfortable | 1042 | 89 |
Too cold | 592 | 35 |
Too hot | 539 | 20 |
Draught | 635 | 44 |
Outside of heating season | ||
Cold floor surfaces, corners etc. | 643 | 52 |
Comfortable | 932 | 82 |
Too cold | 496 | 12 |
Too hot | 683 | 57 |
Draught | 522 | 22 |
Cold floor surfaces, corners etc. | 522 | 21 |
Dampness or moisture damage | 1129 | 27 |
Mold present on building surfaces or structures | 1130 | 4 |
Perceived mold odor in building (presently) | 1124 | 17 |
Mold previously present on building surfaces | 1154 | |
2007 summer or later | 1 | |
2006–2007 school year | 3 | |
In the past 5 years | 13 | |
Not in the specified period | 19 | |
Adequate ventilation | 1138 | 62 |
Attribute | GLMM-Model | ZIP-Model | |
---|---|---|---|
Zeroes | Counts | ||
1A. Reported upper respiratory symptoms | 1B. Number of symptoms | ||
Independent variables | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | RR (95%CI) |
Classroom temperature during heating season | NS | NS | |
Satisfactory | 1 | ||
Too hot | 2.21 (0.78–6.21) | ||
Too hot and cold | 1.45 (1.04–2.00) | ||
Too cold | 1.27 (1.03–1.58) | ||
Adequate ventilation | NS | ||
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
No | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | |
Dampness or moisture damage | |||
Never | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Before 2006–2007 | 1.33 (1.00–1.77) | 0.80 (0.58–1.09) | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) |
During 2006–2007 | 1.80 (1.13–2.87) | 0.60 (0.38–0.95) | 1.07 (0.84–1.35) |
After 2006–2007 | 0.92 (0.56–1.50) | 1.01 (0.59–1.74) | 0.87 (0.64–1.17) |
Visible mold | NS | NS | |
Never | 1 | ||
Before 2006–2007 | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) | ||
During 2006–2007 | 0.63 (0.35–1.13) | ||
After 2006–2007 | 2.35 (1.03–5.32) | ||
Dampness or mold at home | 1.14 (0.83–1.55) | 0.92 (0.65–1.31) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) |
ETS at home | 2.47 (1.58–3.85) | 0.34 (0.19–0.62) | 1.10 (0.91–1.35) |
2A. Missed school days due to respiratory infections | 2B. Number of days missed | ||
Adequate ventilation | NS | ||
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
No | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | |
Dampness or mold at home | 1.16 (0.86–1.58) | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) |
ETS at home | 0.84 (0.56–1.28) | 1.24 (0.80–1.92) | 1.50 (1.28–1.76) |
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Toyinbo, O.; Matilainen, M.; Turunen, M.; Putus, T.; Shaughnessy, R.; Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U. Modeling Associations between Principals’ Reported Indoor Environmental Quality and Students’ Self-Reported Respiratory Health Outcomes Using GLMM and ZIP Models. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040385
Toyinbo O, Matilainen M, Turunen M, Putus T, Shaughnessy R, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U. Modeling Associations between Principals’ Reported Indoor Environmental Quality and Students’ Self-Reported Respiratory Health Outcomes Using GLMM and ZIP Models. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(4):385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040385
Chicago/Turabian StyleToyinbo, Oluyemi, Markus Matilainen, Mari Turunen, Tuula Putus, Richard Shaughnessy, and Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy. 2016. "Modeling Associations between Principals’ Reported Indoor Environmental Quality and Students’ Self-Reported Respiratory Health Outcomes Using GLMM and ZIP Models" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 4: 385. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040385