Soil-Plant Metal Relations in Panax notoginseng: An Ecosystem Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Detection of Heavy Metals
2.3. Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Environmental Risk Assessment
2.3.1. Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Quality Assessment
2.3.2. Soil Heavy Metal Potential Environmental Risk Assessment
2.4. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal through P. notoginseng Consumption
2.4.1. Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs)
2.4.2. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ)
2.4.3. Hazard Index (HI)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in Different P. notoginseng Cultivation Region
3.2. Pollution Status and Potential Environment Risk of P. notoginseng Cultivation Soil
3.3. Environmental Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in P. notoginseng Cultivation Soil
3.4. Characteristics of Heavy Metal Content in P. notoginseng Root of Different Cultivation Regions
3.5. Estimate Daily Intakes (EDI) of Heavy Metal, Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) and Hazard Index (HI) for Intake of Potential Health Risk Individual
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number | Sampling Point | Longitude | Latitude | Altitude |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Miechang-Maguan | 104.21 | 22.88 | 1648 |
2 | Wanzizhai-Maguan | 104.51 | 22.89 | 1332 |
3 | Jiahanjing-Maguan | 104.42 | 22.91 | 1533 |
4 | Mabai-Maguan * | 104.45 | 22.95 | 1325 |
5 | Bazhaixiang-Maguan | 104.08 | 22.98 | 1690 |
6 | Xinxiaozhai-Maguan | 104.42 | 22.98 | 1580 |
7 | Luxi-Honghe | 103.20 | 23.02 | 1677 |
8 | Muyang-Funing * | 106.32 | 23.13 | 762 |
9 | Yangliujing-Wenshan | 104.28 | 23.20 | 1467 |
10 | Pingba-Wenshan * | 104.13 | 23.25 | 1756 |
11 | Benggu-Xichou * | 104.63 | 23.38 | 1403 |
12 | Mesa-Xichou | 104.62 | 23.42 | 1510 |
13 | Dongshan-Wenshan 1 * | 104.23 | 23.43 | 1597 |
14 | Dongshan-Wenshan 2 | 104.32 | 23.47 | 1580 |
15 | Dongshan-Wenshan 3 | 104.23 | 23.49 | 1597 |
16 | Guanting-Jianshui * | 102.70 | 23.52 | 1975 |
17 | Puxiong-Jianshui * | 102.98 | 23.55 | 1898 |
18 | Niujie-Shiping * | 102.57 | 23.62 | 2094 |
19 | Ganhe-Yanshan * | 104.43 | 23.70 | 1479 |
20 | Pingyuanjie-Yanshan * | 103.73 | 23.75 | 1464 |
21 | Guangnan-Wenshan * | 104.88 | 23.77 | 1728 |
22 | Jingping-Qiubei * | 104.17 | 23.98 | 1481 |
23 | Shuangying-Qiubei * | 104.13 | 24.15 | 1449 |
24 | Hongta-Yuxi * | 102.43 | 24.42 | 1921 |
25 | Luliang-Qujing | 103.73 | 24.42 | 2021 |
26 | Mile-Honghe * | 103.25 | 24.43 | 2091 |
27 | Yiliang-Kunming * | 103.07 | 24.57 | 1973 |
28 | Mengzi-Honghe | 103.90 | 24.58 | 1935 |
29 | Shilin-Kunming * | 103.35 | 24.80 | 2130 |
30 | Luoping-Qujing * | 104.18 | 24.82 | 2034 |
31 | Shizong-Qujing * | 104.00 | 24.88 | 2034 |
32 | Qilin-Qujing 1 | 104.05 | 25.17 | 1901 |
33 | Qilin-Qujing 2 | 104.05 | 25.17 | 1896 |
34 | Xiaoshao-Kunming * | 102.97 | 25.18 | 1986 |
35 | Baiyi-Kunming | 102.85 | 25.23 | 1970 |
36 | Fuyuan-Qujing * | 104.26 | 25.43 | 1835 |
37 | Xundian-Kunming * | 103.33 | 25.73 | 2114 |
Degree | Degree of Pollution | Pollution Level | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | ≤ 0.7 | Safe | Clean |
2 | 0.7 < ≤ 1 | Warning level | Good |
3 | 1 < ≤ 2 | Slightly polluted | Soil and plant were polluted |
4 | 2 < ≤ 3 | Medium polluted | Soil and plant were moderate polluted |
5 | > 3 | Heavy polluted | Soil and plant were heavy polluted |
Index | Pb | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg·kg−1 | 42.4 | 0.24 | 76.3 | 16.0 | 0.048 | 47.2 |
5 | 30 | 2 | 10 | 40 | 5 |
Number | Pb | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 57.5 ± 2.9 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 48.6 ± 2.4 | 60.9 ± 3.0 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 48.2 ± 2.4 |
2 | 68.9 ± 3.1 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 96.8 ± 4.4 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 65.3 ± 2.9 |
3 | 28.8 ± 1.3 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 10.0 ± 0.5 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 43.2 ± 1.9 |
4 | 28.3 ± 1.3 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 78.5 ± 3.5 | 47.2 ± 2.1 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 47.9 ± 2.1 |
5 | 138.5 ± 6.0 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 19.0 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 25.4 ± 1.1 |
6 | 126.5 ± 5.3 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 51.1 ± 2.1 | 29.9 ± 1.3 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 43.1 ± 1.8 |
7 | 55.8 ± 3.4 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 126.5 ± 7.6 | 77.2 ± 4.6 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 18.3 ± 1.1 |
8 | 36.2 ± 2.1 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 176.8 ± 10.4 | 50.4 ± 3.0 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 24.6 ± 1.5 |
9 | 27.7 ± 1.2 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 135.3 ± 5.7 | 4.1 ± 0.2 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 15.2 ± 0.6 |
10 | 38.0 ± 1.1 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 85.3 ± 2.6 | 20.5 ± 0.6 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 37.9 ± 1.1 |
11 | 66.6 ± 1.4 | 0.75 ± 0.02 | 123.3 ± 2.6 | 57.5 ± 1.2 | 0.52 ± 0.01 | 30.3 ± 0.6 |
12 | 63.5 ± 2.2 | 0.71 ± 0.03 | 80.0 ± 2.8 | 73.7 ± 2.6 | 0.90 ± 0.03 | 44.4 ± 1.6 |
13 | 27.9 ± 1.3 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 109.5 ± 5.0 | 43.4 ± 2.0 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 27.3 ± 1.3 |
14 | 40.4 ± 1.9 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 82.0 ± 3.9 | 59.6 ± 2.8 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 13.4 ± 0.6 |
15 | 40.4 ± 2.0 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 121.6 ± 6.1 | 65.6 ± 3.3 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 46.56 ± 2.3 |
16 | 90.6 ± 5.4 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 113.9 ± 6.8 | 94.1 ± 5.6 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 44.7 ± 2.7 |
17 | 91.4 ± 4.8 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 106.1 ± 5.6 | 126.3 ± 6.7 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 22.8 ± 1.2 |
18 | 91.5 ± 4.9 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 178.9 ± 9.5 | 119.2 ± 6.3 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 25.7 ± 1.4 |
19 | 34.2 ± 1.5 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 72.0 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 1.0 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 31.3 ± 1.4 |
20 | 51.9 ± 3.5 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 89.6 ± 6.1 | 108.0 ± 7.3 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 20.6 ± 1.4 |
21 | 29.9 ± 2.1 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 70.9 ± 5.0 | 40.1 ± 2.9 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 62.7 ± 4.5 |
22 | 21.7 ± 0.4 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 83.4 ± 1.5 | 208.5 ± 3.8 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 36.2 ± 0.7 |
23 | 54.6 ± 1.2 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 101.6 ± 2.1 | 75.4 ± 1.6 | 0.57 ± 0.01 | 42.8 ± 0.9 |
24 | 151.1 ± 8.2 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 117.3 ± 6.3 | 27.0 ± 1.5 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 49.6 ± 2.7 |
25 | 41.2 ± 0.9 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 45.9 ± 1.0 | 56.1 ± 1.2 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 13.2 ± 0.3 |
26 | 101.1 ± 5.7 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 109.7 ± 6.1 | 25.5 ± 1.4 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 29.1 ± 1.6 |
27 | 55.8 ± 1.4 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 128.8 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 0.5 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 37.8 ± 0.9 |
28 | 62.7 ± 1.4 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 150.7 ± 3.5 | 85.5 ± 2.0 | 0.61 ± 0.014 | 42.6 ± 1.0 |
29 | 97.9 ± 3.2 | 0.290 ± 0.01 | 160.3 ± 5.3 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 0.94 ± 0.03 | 48.8 ± 1.6 |
30 | 116.2 ± 5.0 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 85.6 ± 3.7 | 84.9 ± 3.7 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 55.6 ± 2.4 |
31 | 70.7 ± 0.9 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | 158.7 ± 2.1 | 74.0 ± 1.0 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 37.7 ± 0.5 |
32 | 49.5 ± 2.6 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 176.2 ± 9.3 | 86.0 ± 4.6 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 41.8 ± 2.2 |
33 | 50.7 ± 2.2 | 0.91 ± 0.04 | 182.6 ± 7.9 | 80.4 ± 3.5 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 40.0 ± 1.7 |
34 | 42.9 ± 1.0 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 98.1 ± 2.3 | 20.7 ± 0.5 | 0.045 ± 0.001 | 25.2 ± 0.6 |
35 | 47.1 ± 1.6 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 78.8 ± 2.6 | 26.7 ± 0.9 | 0.071 ± 0.002 | 17.7 ± 0.6 |
36 | 37.5 ± 1.6 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 124.9 ± 5.4 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 0.104 ± 0.004 | 10.1 ± 0.4 |
37 | 45.1 ± 1.4 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 107.5 ± 3.4 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 0.083 ± 0.003 | 31.5 ± 1.0 |
Index | Safety Standard | Min | Max | Mean | Median | SD | Exceeded Standard | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | |||||||
Pb | ≤250 | 21.7 | 151.1 | 61.6 | 51.9 | 32.7 | 0 | 0.00 |
Cd | ≤0.3 | 0.06 | 0.91 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 13 | 35.1 |
Cr | ≤150 | 4.8 | 182.6 | 102.4 | 106.1 | 45.7 | 7 | 18.9 |
As | ≤40 | 4.1 | 208.5 | 57.1 | 56.1 | 42.3 | 23 | 62.1 |
Hg | ≤0.3 | 0.04 | 0.94 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 11 | 29.7 |
Cu | ≤50 | 10.1 | 65.3 | 35.1 | 37.7 | 13.8 | 3 | 8.1 |
Index | API | PIR | Classification of Pi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 0.7 | 0.7 < ≤ 1 | 1 < ≤ 2 | 2 < ≤ 3 | > 3 | |||
Pb | 0.25 | 0.09–0.60 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cd | 1.18 | 0.20–3.22 | 6 | 18 | 7 | 5 | 1 |
Cr | 0.68 | 0.03–1.22 | 18 | 12 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
As | 1.43 | 0.10–5.21 | 13 | 1 | 13 | 8 | 2 |
Hg | 0.90 | 0.15–3.14 | 23 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
Cu | 0.70 | 0.20–1.31 | 17 | 17 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
1.51 | 0.66–4.08 | 4 | 7 | 17 | 8 | 1 |
Index | Min | Max | Mean | Sample Frequency Distribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≤ 40 | 40 < ≤ 80 | 80 < ≤ 160 | 160 < ≤ 320 | > 320 | ||||
Slight | Middle | Strong | Very Strong | Extremely Strong | ||||
Pb | 2.6 | 17.8 | 7.3 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cd | 7.4 | 113.3 | 44.3 | 24 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Cr | 0.12 | 4.8 | 2.7 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
As | 2.6 | 130.0 | 35.6 | 22 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Hg | 37.2 | 785.3 | 225.2 | 2 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 10 |
Cu | 1.1 | 6.9 | 3.7 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Potential Ecological Risk Degree | Min | Max | Mean | Comprehensive Potential Environment Risk Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RI ≤ 150 Slight | 150 < RI ≤ 300 Moderate | 300 < RI ≤ 600 Strong | RI > 600 Extremely Strong | ||||
RI | 95.8 | 895.1 | 318.7 | 10 | 16 | 6 | 5 |
Proportion | 27.0% | 43.2% | 16.2% | 13.5% |
Number | Pb | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.42 ± 0.12 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 1.98 ± 0.10 | 1.45 ± 0.07 | 0.015 ± 0.0008 | 10.61 ± 0.53 |
8 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 3.32 ± 0.14 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.018 ± 0.0008 | 20.87 ± 0.90 |
10 | 2.80 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 4.51 ± 0.01 | 0.59 ± 0.00 | 0.004 ± 0.0001 | 13.41 ± 0.04 |
11 | 1.59 ± 0.07 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.62 ± 0.03 | 1.49 ± 0.07 | 0.016 ± 0.0007 | 16.14 ± 0.73 |
13 | 1.92 ± 0.10 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.27 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.016 ± 0.0008 | 10.5 ± 0.54 |
16 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 0.012 ± 0.0005 | 7.96 ± 0.36 |
17 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.010 ± 0.0005 | 6.33 ± 0.33 |
18 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 1.94 ± 0.07 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.008 ± 0.0003 | 8.14 ± 0.28 |
19 | 3.26 ± 0.14 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 1.42 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.03 | 0.011 ± 0.0005 | 12.42 ± 0.53 |
20 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 1.72 ± 0.08 | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.008 ± 0.0004 | 19.52 ± 0.90 |
21 | 1.91 ± 0.13 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.50 ± 0.10 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 0.016 ± 0.0011 | 8.90 ± 0.60 |
22 | 2.76 ± 0.09 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 1.76 ± 0.06 | 1.83 ± 0.06 | 0.012 ± 0.0004 | 10.31 ± 0.35 |
23 | 2.39 ± 0.09 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.63 ± 0.02 | 1.02 ± 0.04 | 0.008 ± 0.0003 | 14.68 ± 0.53 |
24 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.016 ± 0.0004 | 6.61 ± 0.17 |
26 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | 0.006 ± 0.0002 | 15.44 ± 0.45 |
27 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 1.63 ± 0.08 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.007 ± 0.0003 | 10.53 ± 0.49 |
29 | 0.67 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 1.28 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.008 ± 0.0004 | 6.26 ± 0.32 |
30 | 2.24 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 4.11 ± 0.18 | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 0.009 ± 0.0004 | 12.78 ± 0.58 |
31 | 2.36 ± 0.08 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 5.41 ± 0.18 | 1.73 ± 0.06 | 0.009 ± 0.0003 | 7.88 ± 0.27 |
34 | 1.24 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 1.75 ± 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.008 ± 0.0003 | 4.95 ± 0.17 |
36 | 2.19 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.011 ± 0.0002 | 15.84 ± 0.29 |
37 | 1.64 ± 0.06 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 3.76 ± 0.13 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.007 ± 0.0002 | 20.04 ± 0.70 |
Heavy Metals | Safety Standard * | Min | Max | Mean | SD | Median | Exceeded Standard | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | |||||||
Pb | ≤5 | 0.04 | 3.26 | 1.54 | 0.95 | 1.62 | 0 | 0 |
Cd | ≤0.3 | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 3 | 13.6 |
Cr | ≤2 | 0.22 | 5.41 | 1.85 | 1.45 | 1.56 | 5 | 22.7 |
As | ≤2 | 0.10 | 1.83 | 0.80 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0 | 0 |
Hg | ≤0.2 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0 | 0 |
Cu | ≤20 | 4.95 | 20.87 | 11.82 | 4.64 | 10.57 | 2 | 9.1 |
Pb | Cd | Cr | As | Hg | Cu | HI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EDI | 0.077–0.231 | 0.006–0.019 | 0.174–0.523 | 0.040–0.120 | 0.001–0.002 | 0.591–1.773 | - |
THQ | 0.022–0.065 | 0.008–0.023 | 0.182–0.547 | 0.013–0.040 | 0.004–0.011 | 0.001–0.004 | 0.230–0.689 |
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Ou, X.; Wang, L.; Guo, L.; Cui, X.; Liu, D.; Yang, Y. Soil-Plant Metal Relations in Panax notoginseng: An Ecosystem Health Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111089
Ou X, Wang L, Guo L, Cui X, Liu D, Yang Y. Soil-Plant Metal Relations in Panax notoginseng: An Ecosystem Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111089
Chicago/Turabian StyleOu, Xiaohong, Li Wang, Lanping Guo, Xiuming Cui, Dahui Liu, and Ye Yang. 2016. "Soil-Plant Metal Relations in Panax notoginseng: An Ecosystem Health Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111089