Cytotoxicity of Odorous Compounds from Poultry Manure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. LMH (Leghorn Male Hepatoma) Cell Culture
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Cytotoxicity Testing
2.3.1. MTT Assay
2.3.2. PrestoBlue Assay
2.4. Estimation of IC50
2.5. Microscopic Observations of Morphologic Changes
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Assessment of the Cytotoxicity of Odours
3.1.1. By MTT Assay
3.1.2. By PrestoBlue Assay
3.2. IC50 Calculations
3.3. Morphology of LMH Cells
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Odour Compound | Concentration (%) | Viability of LMH Cells (%) ± SD | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 72 h | ||
Ammonium | 0.004 | 97.6 ± 4.3 | 95.6 ± 2.9 | 101.9 ± 5.0 |
0.008 | 98.0 ± 3.0 | 96.8 ± 1.3 | 104.8 ± 2.6 | |
0.016 | 93.3 ± 2.8 | 81.4 ± 5.2 * | 58.5 ± 3.5 * | |
0.031 | 96.4 ± 1.2 | 65.5 ± 4.0 * | 31.6 ± 2.1 * | |
0.063 | 61.9 ± 2.0 * | 28.3 ± 1.3 * | 13.8 ± 1.2 * | |
0.125 | 18.1 ± 0.8 * | 7.1 ± 0.8 * | 10.0 ± 1.3 * | |
0.25 | 5.4 ± 0.1 * | 1.6 ± 0.2 * | 2.9 ± 0.1 * | |
0.5 | 5.9 ± 0.2 * | 2.1 ± 0.2 * | 2.8 ± 0.2 * | |
1.0 | 13.1 ± 0.1 * | 1.7 ± 0.2 * | 5.8 ± 0.1 * | |
Dimethylamine | 0.004 | 99.6 ± 0.5 | 18.6 ± 1.4 * | not determined |
0.008 | 99.3 ± 0.7 | 19.3 ± 1.9 * | ||
0.016 | 99.0 ± 0.8 | 22.9 ± 1.9 * | ||
0.031 | 86.2 ± 1.0 | 22.6 ± 1.1 * | ||
0.063 | 50.0 ± 0.7 * | 7.0 ± 1.2 * | ||
0.125 | 27.2 ± 0.2 * | 2.6 ± 0.2 * | ||
0.25 | 20.5 ± 0.1 * | 1.9 ± 0.2 * | ||
0.5 | 20.5 ± 0.1 * | 2.4 ± 0.1 * | ||
1.0 | 24.4 ± 0.2 * | 2.2 ± 0.1 * | ||
Trimethylamine | 0.004 | 95.5 ± 1.9 | 92.5 ± 5.5 | not determined |
0.008 | 100.1 ± 3.1 | 84.9 ± 8.1 | ||
0.016 | 103.6 ± 2.2 | 72.8 ± 6.5 * | ||
0.031 | 97.8 ± 1.8 | 61.7 ± 8.9 * | ||
0.063 | 69.7 ± 5.9 * | 2.8 ± 0.2 * | ||
0.125 | 8.6 ± 0.5 * | 5.4 ± 0.3 * | ||
0.25 | 7.6 ± 0.3 * | 4.1 ± 0.3 * | ||
0.5 | 7.9 ± 0.2 * | 3.8 ± 0.3 * | ||
1.0 | 7.0 ± 0.1 * | 2.5 ± 0.3 * | ||
Butyric acid | 0.006 | 100.0 ± 0.7 | not determined | 98.2 ± 2.1 |
0.013 | 100.0 ± 0.4 | 95.7 ± 2.1 | ||
0.025 | 100.0 ± 0.3 | 86.0 ± 4.8 | ||
0.031 | 89.3 ± 2.0 | 67.2 ± 4.9 * | ||
0.063 | 68.9 ± 1.4 * | 66.5 ±3.2 * | ||
0.125 | 65.0 ± 0.8 * | 46.4 ± 3.2 * | ||
0.25 | 59.4 ± 1.3 * | 31.1 ± 2.0 * | ||
0.5 | 25.1 ± 0.7 * | 7.6 ± 0.7 * | ||
Phenol | 0.0004 | 95.8 ± 0.4 | not determined | 98.5 ± 5.5 |
0.0008 | 96.9 ± 0.4 | 100.5 ± 1.7 | ||
0.0016 | 99.4 ± 0.3 | 98.7 ± 4.8 | ||
0.0031 | 100.0 ± 0.4 | 96.6 ± 2.3 | ||
0.0063 | 96.9 ± 0.3 | 92.5 ± 3.1 | ||
0.0125 | 82.1 ± 0.3 * | 88.2 ± 2.6 * | ||
0.025 | 85.0 ± 0.2 * | 69.5 ± 2.2 * | ||
0.05 | 84.4 ± 0.5 | 56.2 ± 2.4 * | ||
0.1 | 70.8 ± 0.5 * | 14.5 ± 0.8 * | ||
Indole | 0.0004 | 88.6 ± 0.6 | not determined | 90.7 ± 1.3 |
0.0008 | 95.0 ± 0.2 | 94.3 ± 2.4 | ||
0.0016 | 97.4 ± 0.2 | 94.8 ± 2.1 | ||
0.0031 | 100.0 ± 0.4 | 104.1 ± 1.9 | ||
0.0063 | 103.0 ± 0.4 | 109.3 ± 2.5 | ||
0.0125 | 95.5 ± 0.8 | 103.2 ± 1.2 | ||
0.025 | 102.4 ± 0.2 | 73.5 ± 2.0 * | ||
0.05 | 94.3 ± 0.6 | 73.0 ± 1.7 * | ||
0.1 | 82.2 ± 0.2 * | 60.3 ± 1.6 * |
Concentration (%) | Viability of LMH Cells (%) ±S.E.M. | ||
---|---|---|---|
Ammonium | Dimethylamine | Trimethylamine | |
0.004 | 99.7 ± 5.8 | 65.3 ± 4.2 | 72.4 ± 5.4 |
0.008 | 99.0 ± 10.1 | 62.3 ± 5.6 | 54.3 ± 10.9 |
0.016 | 100.2 ± 8.1 | 60.9 ± 4.5 | 51.9 ± 2.9 |
0.031 | 99.1 ± 4.9 | 50.7 ± 9.1 | 38.9 ± 9.6 |
0.063 | 51.1 ± 7.1 * | 40.2 ± 5.6 | 36.6 ± 2.4 |
0.125 | 24.6 ± 6.3 * | 5.7 ± 1.2 * | 17.1 ± 2.3 * |
0.25 | 5.7 ± 1.1 * | 2.8 ± 0.5 * | 13.6 ± 2.3 * |
0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 * | 3.0 ± 0.5 * | 7.1 ± 0.4 * |
1.0 | 4.7 ± 0.7 * | 3.7 ± 0.5 * | 6.0 ± 0.3 * |
Odour | IC50 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
24 h | 48 h | 72 h | |
Ammonium | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Dimethylamine | 0.06 | 0.04 * | not determined |
Trimethylamine | 0.08 | 0.04 | not determined |
Butyric acid | 0.32 | not determined | 0.11 |
Phenol | not detected | not determined | not detected |
Indole | not detected | not determined | 0.06 |
Odour | IC50 (%) |
---|---|
Ammonium | 0.07 |
Dimethylamine | 0.03 |
Trimethylamine | 0.02 |
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Nowak, A.; Matusiak, K.; Borowski, S.; Bakuła, T.; Opaliński, S.; Kołacz, R.; Gutarowska, B. Cytotoxicity of Odorous Compounds from Poultry Manure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111046
Nowak A, Matusiak K, Borowski S, Bakuła T, Opaliński S, Kołacz R, Gutarowska B. Cytotoxicity of Odorous Compounds from Poultry Manure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(11):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111046
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowak, Adriana, Katarzyna Matusiak, Sebastian Borowski, Tadeusz Bakuła, Sebastian Opaliński, Roman Kołacz, and Beata Gutarowska. 2016. "Cytotoxicity of Odorous Compounds from Poultry Manure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 11: 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111046