Effects of Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Constituents on Elderly Hospital Admissions Due to Circulatory and Respiratory Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Data on Hospital Admissions
2.3. Environmental Data
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mean | SD | Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inhalable Particulate Matter (μg/m3) | ||||||||
PM2.5 | 4.4 | 2.4 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 15.1 | |
PM2.5–10 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 0.1 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 11.2 | 29.7 | |
PM10 | 12.7 | 7.2 | 0.7 | 7.4 | 11.2 | 16.7 | 36.8 | |
PM10 a | 24.5 | 13.6 | 6.2 | 15.2 | 21.0 | 30.3 | 93.6 | |
Weather variables | ||||||||
Minimum temperature (°C) | 17.5 | 3.5 | 8.3 | 15.1 | 17.9 | 20.8 | 23.7 | |
Average temperature (°C) | 21.9 | 3.3 | 13.0 | 19.3 | 22.3 | 24.4 | 29.0 | |
Maximum temperature (°C) | 28.6 | 4.6 | 17.1 | 25.3 | 29.0 | 32.5 | 37.3 | |
Minimum humidity (%) | 56.9 | 16.4 | 20.1 | 45.9 | 55.9 | 66.0 | 99.1 | |
Average humidity (%) | 81.1 | 10.0 | 49.1 | 75.3 | 81.9 | 87.1 | 99.2 | |
Hospital admissions (cases/day) | ||||||||
Circulatory diseases | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 1765 |
Respiratory diseases | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 972 |
Parameter | Mean | SD | Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | |||||||
Cl− | 38.2 | 24.0 | 0.7 | 21.8 | 38.8 | 43.1 | 188.0 |
NO3- | 79.6 | 83.4 | 3.7 | 35.2 | 46.5 | 93.5 | 599.0 |
SO42− | 399.2 | 314.4 | 0.6 | 186.4 | 320.3 | 530.3 | 1957.5 |
Na+ | 40.4 | 39.4 | 1.4 | 20.6 | 25.1 | 44.6 | 285.6 |
NH4+ | 98.3 | 94.8 | 0.3 | 43.7 | 63.4 | 120.7 | 636.8 |
K+ | 26.7 | 24.9 | 0.1 | 9.0 | 23.0 | 31.4 | 208.6 |
Ca2+ | 50.9 | 55.5 | 0.1 | 25.0 | 36.3 | 47.4 | 542.3 |
Mg2+ | 14.2 | 14.1 | 0.1 | 3.5 | 8.3 | 28.3 | 88.4 |
PM2.5–10 | |||||||
Cl− | 82.7 | 119.3 | 2.1 | 31.3 | 44.2 | 90.8 | 1074.0 |
NO3- | 284.7 | 295.0 | 5.2 | 106.4 | 202.7 | 384.3 | 3566.5 |
SO42− | 158.7 | 149.9 | 0.2 | 64.4 | 110.5 | 212.9 | 1286.4 |
Na+ | 79.2 | 101.2 | 1.2 | 25.8 | 50.7 | 96.6 | 1006.5 |
NH4+ | 45.3 | 65.1 | 0.8 | 20.2 | 37.5 | 50.6 | 896.1 |
K+ | 31.5 | 36.3 | 0.6 | 14.3 | 21.2 | 32.4 | 282.8 |
Ca2+ | 167.9 | 176.4 | 7.6 | 62.2 | 121.4 | 216.9 | 2157.8 |
Mg2+ | 28.5 | 23.6 | 0.2 | 13.0 | 24.4 | 38.4 | 307.4 |
Pollutants | Respiratory Diseases %RR (LL, UL) | Circulatory Diseases %RR (LL, UL) |
---|---|---|
PM2.5 | 8.5 (−6.8, 26.3) | 19.6 (6.4, 34.6) |
PM2.5–10 | 23.5 (13.5, 34.3) | 0.8 (−5.8, 7.7) |
PM10 | 12.8 (6.0, 20.0) | 2.7 (−2.2, 7.9) |
PM10 a | 8.9 (5.2, 12.8) | 1.2 (−1.7, 4.0) |
Soluble ions (PM2.5) | ||
SO42− | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) |
NH4+ | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.1) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) |
K+ | 2.7 (1.1, 4.3) | 1.6 (0.3, 2.8) |
Soluble ions (PM2.5–10) | ||
Cl− | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | −0.7 (−0.9, −0.4) |
NO3- | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) |
SO42− | 0.4 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) |
Na+ | −0.4 (−0.8, 0.0) | −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0) |
K+ | −0.2 (-1.2, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.2, 1.8) |
Ca2+ | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) |
Mg2+ | 0.1 (−1.5, 1.8) | 0.4 (−0.9, 1.7) |
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Ferreira, T.M.; Forti, M.C.; De Freitas, C.U.; Nascimento, F.P.; Junger, W.L.; Gouveia, N. Effects of Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Constituents on Elderly Hospital Admissions Due to Circulatory and Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100947
Ferreira TM, Forti MC, De Freitas CU, Nascimento FP, Junger WL, Gouveia N. Effects of Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Constituents on Elderly Hospital Admissions Due to Circulatory and Respiratory Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100947
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerreira, Tatiane Morais, Maria Cristina Forti, Clarice Umbelino De Freitas, Felipe Parra Nascimento, Washington Leite Junger, and Nelson Gouveia. 2016. "Effects of Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Constituents on Elderly Hospital Admissions Due to Circulatory and Respiratory Diseases" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13100947