Removal Efficiency of Faecal Indicator Organisms, Nutrients and Heavy Metals from a Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Plant Description and Study Site
2.2. Sample Collection and Field Measurements
2.3. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Measurement
2.4. Analysis of Microbiological Parameters
2.5. Anion Analysis
2.6. Digestion and Analysis of Water Samples
2.7. Analysis of Heavy Metals
2.8. Compliance Study and Calculation of Percentage Reduction Efficiencies
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Sample pH
3.2. Electrical Conductivity
Parameters | Influent | After screening and lime addition | After primary sedimentation | After secondary sedimentation | Effluent | % Reduction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH January | 7.1 | 7.0 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 7.2 | NA |
pH February | 7.6 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.1 | NA |
pH March | 7.7 | 7.3 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | NA |
pH April | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 7.2 | NA |
pH May | 7.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.4 | NA |
pH June | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.5 | NA |
EC January | 32.3 | 30.7 | 29.1 | 32.3 | 34.0 | - |
EC February | 35.7 | 37.0 | 43.0 | 35.1 | 35.8 | - |
EC March | 44.2 | 44.9 | 48.3 | 42.8 | 39.7 | 10 |
EC April | 60.4 | 63.4 | 66.7 | 46.2 | 39.9 | 34 |
EC May | 58.2 | 58.7 | 61.1 | 47.9 | 43.1 | 26 |
EC June | 136.8 | 139.2 | 154.8 | 121.3 | 125.3 | 8 |
T January | 56.7 | 48.6 | 85.8 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 92 |
T February | 52.9 | 49.3 | 60.1 | 14.0 | 7.2 | 86 |
T March | 90.5 | 133.5 | 73.0 | 24 | 10.1 | 89 |
T April | 114.9 | 125.5 | 68.2 | 14.8 | 6.4 | 94 |
T May | 180.8 | 134 | 88.5 | 30.2 | 14.6 | 92 |
T June | 62.6 | 110.6 | 35.7 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 93 |
3.3. Turbidity
3.4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3.5. Concentrations of Anions in the Samples
Anion concentration (mg/L) | Influent | After screening and lime addition | After primary sedimentation | After secondary sedimentation | Effluent | % Reduction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fluoride January | 0.152 | 0.140 | 0.146 | 0.145 | 0.143 | 6 |
Fluoride February | 0.244 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.143 | 0.195 | 20 |
Fluoride March | 0.181 | 0.186 | 0.030 | 0.186 | 0.181 | - |
Fluoride April | 0.167 | 1.333 | 1.155 | 1.484 | 1.562 | - |
Fluoride May | 0.051 | 0.051 | 0.066 | 0.063 | 0.344 | - |
Fluoride June | 1.269 | 0.193 | 0.182 | 0.053 | 0.102 | 92 |
Chloride January | 18.933 | 15.090 | 13.584 | 14.035 | 15.293 | 19 |
Chloride February | 25.963 | 25.247 | 28.770 | 25.085 | 25.570 | 2 |
Chloride March | 38.870 | 38.650 | 36.220 | 31.880 | 28.020 | 28 |
Chloride April | 50.765 | 47.659 | 43.478 | 53.755 | 56.524 | - |
Chloride May | 41.024 | 28.534 | 29.092 | 27.008 | 31.151 | 24 |
Chloride June | 51.971 | 60.365 | 63.066 | 57.318 | 49.116 | 6 |
NO3- as N January | 0.674 | 0.663 | 0.910 | 14.089 | 14.078 | - |
NO3- as N February | 0.994 | 0.962 | 1.748 | 13.293 | 7.545 | - |
NO3- as N March | 2.310 | 3.230 | 1.100 | 17.030 | 12.010 | - |
NO3- as N April | 0.546 | 2.668 | 3.651 | 8.5170 | 16.398 | - |
NO3- as N May | 0.499 | 0.787 | 7.211 | 80.961 | 19.413 | - |
NO3- as N June | 0.978 | 1.220 | 0.122 | 146.72 | 12.367 | - |
PO43- as P January | 0.552 | 0.685 | 0.665 | 1.387 | 1.572 | - |
PO43- as P February | 1.220 | 1.240 | 2.970 | 2.700 | 2.220 | - |
PO43- as P March | 2.330 | 1.960 | 2.730 | 3.270 | 2.940 | - |
PO43- as P April | 4.388 | 5.379 | 9.136 | 3.745 | 4.836 | - |
PO43- as P May | 4.265 | 4.085 | 5.295 | 10.489 | 3.255 | 24 |
PO43- as P June | 2.635 | 2.897 | 2.920 | 2.947 | 2.500 | 5 |
3.6. Microbiological Test
3.7. Metals in the Wastewater Samples
Heavy metals concentration (mg/L) | Influent | After screening and lime addition | After primary sedimentation | After secondary sedimentation | Effluent | % Reduction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al January | 1.604 | 1.487 | 1.669 | 1.168 | 2.483 | - |
Al February | 1.915 | 0.427 | 0.367 | 0.627 | 0.501 | 74 |
Al March | 2.271 | 1.931 | 2.602 | 1.259 | 0.739 | 68 |
Al April | 3.903 | 4.296 | 3.283 | 1.419 | 1.780 | 54 |
Al May | 3.833 | 2.974 | 3.316 | 3.418 | 2.126 | 45 |
Al June | 2.522 | 6.037 | 2.184 | 1.409 | 1.706 | 32 |
Fe January | 1.129 | 0.920 | 1.073 | 1.282 | 1.329 | - |
Fe February | 0.744 | 0.635 | 0.537 | 0.522 | 0.485 | 35 |
Fe March | 0.916 | 0.801 | 0.951 | 0.831 | 0.746 | 18 |
Fe April | 0.815 | 1.016 | 1.034 | 0.885 | 0.772 | 5 |
Fe May | 1.374 | 1.116 | 1.134 | 3.401 | 1.284 | 7 |
Fe June | 0.760 | 2.160 | 0.624 | 0.530 | 0.843 | - |
Zn January | 0.121 | 0.091 | 0.121 | 0.146 | 0.217 | - |
Zn February | 0.071 | 0.060 | 0.068 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 27 |
Zn March | 0.091 | 0.097 | 0.099 | 0.105 | 0.051 | 44 |
Zn April | 0.130 | 0.109 | 0.129 | 0.043 | 0.072 | 45 |
Zn May | 0.344 | 0.245 | 0.193 | 0.126 | 0.202 | 41 |
Zn June | 0.776 | 0.068 | 0.085 | 0.032 | 0.046 | 94 |
Cr January | 0.476 | 0.206 | 0.501 | 0.455 | 0.329 | 31 |
Cr February | 0.221 | 0.265 | 0.250 | 0.248 | 0.241 | - |
Cr March | 0.299 | 0.254 | 0.283 | 0.282 | 0.301 | - |
Cr April | 0.035 | 0.018 | 0.050 | 0.038 | 0.043 | - |
Cr May | 0.422 | 0.360 | 0.249 | 0.384 | 0.422 | - |
Cr June | 0.030 | 0.037 | 0.033 | 0.012 | 0.030 | - |
Cu January | 0.048 | 0.080 | 0.058 | 0.118 | 0.267 | - |
Cu February | 0.017 | 0.036 | 0.045 | 0.014 | 0.021 | - |
Cu March | 0.032 | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 9 |
Cu April | 0.048 | 0.070 | 0.061 | 0.041 | 0.087 | - |
Cu May | 0.055 | 0.042 | 0.055 | 0.066 | 0.035 | 36 |
Cu June | 0.029 | 0.125 | 0.040 | 0.050 | 0.068 | - |
Mn January | 0.098 | 0.045 | 0.091 | 0.068 | 0.067 | 32 |
Mn February | 0.303 | 0.293 | 0.246 | 0.043 | 0.042 | 86 |
Mn March | 0.225 | 0.197 | 0.235 | 0.251 | 0.227 | - |
Mn April | 0.280 | 0.418 | 0.278 | 0.497 | 0.345 | - |
Mn May | 0.276 | 0.221 | 0.265 | 0.331 | 0.899 | - |
Mn June | 0.167 | 0.582 | 0.251 | 0.213 | 0.277 | - |
Pb January | 0.003 | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.008 | - |
Pb February | ND | 0.002 | ND | ND | ND | - |
Pb March | 0.002 | ND | 0.001 | 0.002 | ND | - |
Pb April | 0.072 | 0.022 | 0.030 | 0.029 | 0.042 | 42 |
Pb May | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.012 | 0.068 | 0.010 | - |
Pb June | 0.011 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.011 | - |
Variables | pH | EC | T | F | Cl | N | P | Al | Fe | Zn | Cr | Cu | Mn | Pb | E. coli | Ent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 1 | 0.801 | 0.113 | −0.208 | 0.403 | 0.453 | 0.029 | 0.451 | 0.391 | 0.105 | −0.182 | −0.122 | 0.574 | 0.048 | −0.063 | 0.178 |
EC | 1 | −0.385 | −0.248 | 0.510 | −0.093 | −0.108 | 0.099 | −0.089 | −0.370 | −0.597 | −0.144 | 0.030 | −0.001 | −0.031 | 0.426 | |
T | 1 | −0.054 | −0.188 | 0.488 | 0.258 | −0.066 | 0.249 | 0.311 | 0.690 | −0.511 | 0.789 | −0.201 | −0.202 | −0.370 | ||
F- | 1 | 0.677 | 0.414 | 0.893* | 0.155 | −0.156 | −0.143 | −0.470 | −0.042 | 0.174 | 0.943** | 0.974** | 0.706 | |||
Cl− | 1 | 0.252 | 0.772 | 0.035 | −0.330 | −0.521 | −0.823* | −0.361 | 0.245 | 0.759 | 0.800 | 0.954** | ||||
N | 1 | 0.501 | 0.751 | 0.730 | 0.616 | 0.219 | 0.159 | 0.820* | 0.517 | 0.376 | 0.051 | |||||
P | 1 | 0.007 | −0.206 | −0.268 | −0.393 | −0.399 | 0.453 | 0.813* | 0.870* | 0.731 | ||||||
Al | 1 | 0.887* | 0.776 | 0.096 | 0.694 | 0.381 | 0.399 | 0.189 | −0.105 | |||||||
Fe | 1 | 0.927** | 0.517 | 0.617 | 0.472 | 0.022 | −0.185 | −0.489 | ||||||||
Zn | 1 | 0.677 | 0.614 | 0.394 | −0.046 | −0.235 | −0.658 | |||||||||
Cr | 1 | 0.091 | 0.323 | −0.580 | −0.641 | −0.908* | ||||||||||
Cu | 1 | −0.354 | 0.123 | −0.025 | −0.286 | |||||||||||
Mn | 1 | 0.210 | 0.126 | −0.028 | ||||||||||||
Pb | 1 | 0.976** | 0.749 | |||||||||||||
E. coli | 1 | 0.827* | ||||||||||||||
ENT | 1 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Edokpayi, J.N.; Odiyo, J.O.; Msagati, T.A.M.; Popoola, E.O. Removal Efficiency of Faecal Indicator Organisms, Nutrients and Heavy Metals from a Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7300-7320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707300
Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO, Msagati TAM, Popoola EO. Removal Efficiency of Faecal Indicator Organisms, Nutrients and Heavy Metals from a Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):7300-7320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707300
Chicago/Turabian StyleEdokpayi, Joshua N., John O. Odiyo, Titus A. M. Msagati, and Elizabeth O. Popoola. 2015. "Removal Efficiency of Faecal Indicator Organisms, Nutrients and Heavy Metals from a Peri-Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant in Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 7300-7320. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707300