Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater—Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Wastewater Treatment and Sampling
2.2. Concentration and Total DNA Extraction
2.3. Real-Time qPCR Standards
2.4. Real-Time qPCR
2.5. MRSA Isolation, Identification, Class 1 Integrons and QAC Genes Detection
Target Genes | Primers | Sequence (5’–3’) | Amplicons (bp) | Annealing Temperature (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
intI1 | HS463a HS464 | CTGGATTTCGATCACGGCACG ACATGCGTGTAAATCATCGTCG | 473 | 60 |
qacEΔ1 | qacEΔ1F qacEΔ1B | ATCGCAATAGTTGGCGAAGT CAAGCTTTTGCCCATGAAGC | 225 | 60 |
nuc | nuc-1 nuc-2 | GCGATTGATGGTGATACGGTI AGCCAAGCCTTGACGAACTAAAGC | 280 | 55 |
mecA | Forward Reverse | CTCAGGTACTGCTATCCACC CACTTGGTATATCTTCACC | 448 | 42 |
2.6. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Antiseptics
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Abundances of Inti1 and QacEΔ1 in Wastewater
3.2. Detection of IntI1 and QacEΔ1 in MRSA Isolates and MICs Testing for QacEΔ1-Positive MRSA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wan, M.T.; Chou, C.C. Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater—Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6249-6260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606249
Wan MT, Chou CC. Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater—Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6249-6260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606249
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Min Tao, and Chin Cheng Chou. 2015. "Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater—Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6249-6260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606249